Battle of the Campobasso Convoy

The Battle of the Campobasso Convoy was a naval engagement between three British Royal Navy destroyers and the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) Spica-class torpedo boat Perseo which took place off Cape Bon in the Mediterranean Sea on the night of 3/4 May 1943. The Italians were escorting the 3,566-gross register ton (GRT) freighter Campobasso to Tunisia.

Battle of the Campobasso Convoy
Part of the Battle of the Mediterranean of the Second World War
HMS Petard photographed from HMS Formidable, December 1943
Date 3-4 May 1943 Location Off Cape Bon, Mediterranean Sea 36°45′N 10°45′E Result British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	Italy
Commanders and leaders
Deric Holland-Martin	Saverio Marotta †
Strength
3 destroyers	1 torpedo boat 1 merchantman
Casualties and losses
None	76 men killed (Italian merchant navy) 133 men killed (Italian Navy): Total: 209 103 men rescued 1 torpedo boat sunk 1 merchantman sunk

The ships were illuminated by star shells, east of Kelibia in Cape Bon; Perseo attacked the British ships with torpedoes then turned to the north-west. Campobasso exploded under the British bombardment, that, with more star shells, lit up Perseo, which was severely damaged, sinking an hour later. The 93 crew of Campobasso suffered 73 killed, and of 133 crew on Perseo, 83 survived.

Background

As the North Africa campaign neared its conclusion, HMS Paladin and Nubian of Force K patrolled the waters off Cape Bon. On the night of 29/30 April, the destroyers made a sweep along the south coast of Sicily and encountered the merchant ship Fauna (575 GRT) escorted by German E-boats. The British destroyers sank Fauna without loss.^[1]

Prelude

A few days later, alerted by signals intelligence, Nubian, Paladin and Petard, were sent to wait in ambush for an Italian convoy. The Italian merchant ship Campobasso (3,566 GRT) had left Pantelleria island at 19:00 on 3 May, loaded with bombs, land-mines, motor transport and other supplies to the Axis forces in Tunisia. The merchant ship was joined by its escort, the Italian torpedo boat Perseo (Captain Saverio Marotta) soon after departure.^[2]

The two ships undertook a winding course through the Axis and Allied minefields.^[2] On the night of 3/4 May off Kelibia on the Cape Bon peninsula, the British destroyers picked up radar contacts of vessels heading towards the Tunisian coast.^[3] Perseo, equipped with a Metox radar detector, was alerted to the transmissions from the British destroyers and signalled a warning to Supermarina, the headquarters of the Regia Marina, that the convoy had been found.^[4]

Action

The Cape Bon peninsula; Kelibia is at the eastern extremity

At 23:35, star shells burst overhead when the Italian ships were about 7 nmi (13 km; 8.1 mi) east of Kelibia (Cape Bon) and Campobasso was hit soon after and caught fire. After the action a crewman on Perseo wrote

Remembering the previous 15 January everyone knew what would happen; immediately the torpedo boat turned towards the enemy to launch.^[4]

Perseo launched its two starboard torpedoes from 700 yd (640 m) then sailed at full speed to the north-west towards Cape Bon. Campobasso exploded at 23:48, illuminating Perseo. The British ships fired more star shells and Perseo began abrupt evasive action until 23:52 when its rudder suffered a mechanical fault. Before the crew could steer manually, the hull was hit by two shells then more hits were received on the bridge and the engine rooms.^[4]

Steam escaped from the hull and covered the deck as the engines stopped. The British destroyers came as close as 500 yd (460 m), firing their main guns and anti-aircraft armament and at 23:58 Marotta ordered the ship to be abandoned. Perseo remained afloat for about an hour, when the magazine exploded and the ship sank by the stern at 01:00. The next day the Italian hospital ship Principessa Giovanna picked up four survivors from Campobasso and twenty men reached the coast in a lifeboat; the hospital ship rescued 67 men from Perseo. On 6 May, Principessa Giovanna was bombed and damaged by Allied aircraft, with 54 men killed and 52 wounded.^[3]

Aftermath

Casualties

The crew of Campobasso suffered 73 fatal casualties out of the crew of 93 men; the complement of Perseo suffered 133 fatalities and 83 men were rescued; Marotta was among those killed.^[5]

Subsequent operations

A second convoy, led by the Ciclone-class torpedo boat escort Tifone, loaded with aviation spirit, sailed with the merchant ship Belluno to Tunis from Trapani and managed to evade the British destroyers, after witnessing the destruction of Campobasso. The Tifone convoy arrived on 4 May and was the last Axis supply run to reach Africa during the war.^[6] Another Italian convoy comprising the Italian lighter MZ 724 and the water supply ship Scrivia sailed on 4 May, evacuated 200 Italian troops from Bizerte and reached Cagliari undetected the following day.^[7]

Operation Retribution

Main article: Operation Retribution

Cassiopea, another Spica-class torpedo boat

As Axis airfields in Tunisia were captured, Allied fighters could escort ships in the seas between Tunisia and Sicily, making day patrols feasible. Allied convoys along the coast and to Malta were stopped to divert their escorts to the blockade of Tunisia. Aircraft were to attack Axis ships within 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km) of the Tunisian shore and beyond the limit Allied ships would have freedom of movement. British mines had been timed to sink in early May and intelligence on Axis minefields was judged sufficient to risk sailing in some areas.^[8]

From the night of 8/9 May, Paladin, with Jervis, Petard and Nubian, from Force K bombarded Kelibia and maintained a daylight blockade off Cape Bon with Force Q based at Bône (now Annaba), which comprised HMS Laforey, Loyal, Tartar and ORP Błyskawica with the Hunt-class destroyers HMS Zetland, Lamerton, Aldenham, Hursley, Wilton, Dulverton, Lauderdale and the Greek destroyer RHS Kanaris but had to paint their superstructures red to avoid attacks by friendly aircraft.^[9]

British Motor Gun Boats, Motor Torpedo Boats and US PT boats patrolled closer inshore at night. Allied superiority was so great that Supermarina decided that an evacuation attempt would be futile. Sporadic attempts were made by personnel in Tunisia to flee; after 7 May, the German KT 22, some Axis torpedo boats and MAS boats (Motoscafo armato silurante) were the only vessels to run the blockade. By the Axis surrender, the blockading vessels had taken 800 prisoners.^[9][a]

Orders of battle

Campobasso convoy

Convoy 3–4 May^[4]

Name	Flag	Type	Notes
Campobasso	Merchant Navy	Freighter 3,566 GRT	Sunk
Perseo	Kingdom of Italy	Spica-class torpedo boat	Sunk

Allied ships

Force K^[4]

Name	Flag	Type	Notes
HMS Nubian	Royal Navy	Tribal-class destroyer
HMS Paladin	Royal Navy	P-class destroyer
HMS Petard	Royal Navy	P-class destroyer

Notes

1. Rohwer and Hümmelchen (2005) recorded 700 prisoners.^[1]

Footnotes

1. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005, p. 248.
2. O'Hara 2009, p. 210; Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005, p. 248.
3. O'Hara 2009, pp. 210–211.
4. O'Hara 2009, p. 210.
5. O'Hara 2009, p. 211.
6. Giorgerini 2002, p. 556; Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005, p. 248.
7. "MZ 724 - Marina Militare". www.marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
8. Playfair et al. 2004, p. 424.
9. Playfair et al. 2004, p. 424; O'Hara 2009, p. 211.

References

• Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940–1943 [The Italian War on the Sea. The Navy between Victory and Defeat 1940–1943] (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori. ISBN 978-8-80-450150-3.
• O'Hara, V. P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-102-6.
• Playfair, I. S. O.; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C.; Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-068-9.
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 1-86176-257-7.

Further reading

• Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (1957). The Italian Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-405-13031-7.
• Connell, G. G. (1994). Fighting Destroyer: The Story of HMS Petard. Crecy. ISBN 0-947554-40-8.
• Fioravanzo, Giuseppe (1964) [1958]. La difesa del traffico con l'Africa settentrionale. dal 1° ottobre 1942 alla caduta della Tunisia [The Defence of Traffic with North Africa from 1 October 1942 to the Fall of Tunisia]. Ufficio storico della Marina Militare: La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale [Navy Historical Office: The Italian Navy in the Second World War] (in Italian). Vol. VIII. Roma: Stato maggiore della Marina Militare. OCLC 956005727.
• Jordan, Roger W. (2006) [1999]. The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships (2nd ed.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-86176-293-1.
• Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4.
• Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.