Battle of Craon

The Battle of Craon was a military engagement of the Brittany Campaign which took place in Craon, Mayenne between 21–24 May 1592. It was fought between a French Crown army led by Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier and François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and a joint Catholic League and Spanish force; the French Crown troops were reinforced by a contingent English soldiers. The battle occurred during the siege of Craon by French Crown forces led by Henry of Navarre, which was lengthened by the defending garrison being supported by a Catholic League army recruited by Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur. Ultimately, a Spanish force led by Juan del Águila defeated the besiegers and relived the city.^[1]

Battle of Craon
Part of the War of the Three Henrys
An illustration of the Duke of Mercœur
Date 21–24 May 1592 Location Craon, Mayenne 47.8489°N 0.9486°W / 47.8489; -0.9486 Result Catholic League-Spanish victory[1]
Belligerents
Catholic League  Spain	France  England
Commanders and leaders
Juan del Águila Duke of Mercœur	Duke of Montpensier Prince of Conti
Casualties and losses
24 killed and wounded[2]	1,500 killed[2] Hundreds captured[2]

Background

Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, the commander of the French Crown army during the battle.

The commander of the Catholic League of France in the region, the Duke of Mercœur, Governor of Brittany, ordered his chief lieutenant, Urbain de Laval Boisdauphin, to strengthen Craon. In 1590, Mercœur rebelled against the accession to the throne of France of Henry of Navarre and became the head of the Catholic League of Brittany, aiming to restore the autonomy of the former Duchy, and proclaimed protector of the Catholic Church in the region of Brittany. The Duke of Mercœur had the support of the Catholic King, Philip II of Spain, who sent him 7,000 Spanish soldiers who landed at Blavet (Port Louis) under the command of Don Juan del Águila.^[1][2][3]

On 8 February 1592, Henry of Navarre decided to take the city of Craon. His cousins, the Duke of Montpensier and François de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, secretly gathered together in Laval to organise the attack. Montpensier arrived with his army on 14 April 1592 and laid siege to the town. He was aided by 1,200 English troops led by Anthony Wingfield (in Sir John Norris' absence)^[4] and 800 German mercenaries. Then on 20 May 1592, Mercœur and Sablé arrived with their armies to defend Craon.^[1]

Battle

The defense of the city of Craon by Catholic League troops against the French Crown soldiers of Montpensier and Conti was fierce. On 22 May 1592 the Spanish-Catholic League army reached Craon under Don Juan del Águila and the Duke of Mercœur. The Spanish-Catholic League troops charged against the left flank, taking by surprise the Anglo-French besiegers. At the same time the defenders angrily attacked the Anglo-French right flank, finally achieving a victory.^[2][5] Under cover of night, Montpensier retired to Laval and Rennes.^[1]

The Spanish troops captured all the artillery, equipment and supplies being used by the Anglo-French besiegers.^[2][6] English soldiers captured by the Spanish were given no quarter and all summarily executed in part in retaliation for the killings of survivors of Spanish Armada by the English authorities in Ireland.^[2][7]

Aftermath

Jérôme d'Arradon, a French commander, who was entrusted with the command of Hennebont and Blavet by Mercœur, quickly realized that the Spaniards behaved as their conquerors and did not recognize any authority other than their King, Philip II.^[2] Just a few days later, Laval fell in the hands of the Catholic League. On 23 May 1592, the Prince of Conti retreated into the Chateau-Gontier. The Duke Mercœur and the Marquis of Sablé entered into Laval and took the Chateau-Gontier. Boisdauphin took command of Laval, and Louis Champagné became Governor of Chateau-Gontier.^[1]

Notes

1. Pierre Miquel. Les Guerres de Religion p.382
2. Abbé Angot. Un soldat catholique de la bataille de Craon (1592)
3. Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 253. ISBN 978-1350016996.
4. MacCaffrey p.155
5. Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 256. ISBN 978-1350016996.
6. Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 256. ISBN 978-1350016996.
7. Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1897). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla. Vol. III. Madrid. p. 84.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

• Pierre Miquel. Les Guerres de Religion. Club France Loisirs (1980) ISBN 2-7242-0785-8
• Abbé Angot. Un soldat catholique de la bataille de Craon (23 May 1592). 1896. . (in French)
• Martínez Laínez, Fernando/Sánchez de Toca, José María. Tercios de España. La infantería legendaria. Editorial EDAF 2006. (in Spanish)
• Holt, Mack P. (2005). The French Wars of Religion (1562–1629). Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-83872-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Thompson, J. W. (1909). The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576. Chicago.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Knecht, Robert J. (1996). The French Wars of Religion (1559–1598). Seminar Studies in History (2nd ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28533-X.
• MacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691036519.
• John S Nolan. Sir John Norreys and the Elizabethan Military World (University of Exeter. 1997) ISBN 0-85989-548-3
• Chisholm, Hugh. Edition (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.