Basilica of San Vitale

For the eponymous basilica in Rome, see Basilica of San Vitale (Rome).

The Basilica of San Vitale is a late antique church in Ravenna, Italy. The sixth-century church is an important surviving example of early Byzantine art and architecture, and its mosaics in particular are some of the most-studied works in Byzantine art. It is one of eight structures in Ravenna inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its foundational inscription describes the church as a basilica, though its centrally-planned design is not typical of the basilica form.^[1] Within the Roman Catholic Church it holds the honorific title of basilica for its historic and ecclesial importance.

Church of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale
Religion
Affiliation	Roman Catholic
Province	Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia
Region	Emilia-Romagna
Year consecrated	547
Location
Location	Ravenna, Italy
Shown within Italy
Geographic coordinates	44.42°N 12.196°E / 44.42; 12.196
Architecture
Style	Byzantine
Groundbreaking	527
Completed	547
Construction cost	26,000 solidi
Website
http://www.ravennamosaici.it/
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Church of St. Vitale
Part of	Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna
Criteria	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Reference	788-002
Inscription	1996 (20th Session)
Area	0.14 ha (0.35 acres)

Exterior view of St. Vitale

History

The interior of the dome, with Baroque frescoes from the late 18th century.

The church's construction began in 526 on the orders of Bishop Ecclesius of Ravenna. At the time, Ravenna was under the rule of the Ostrogoths. Bishop Maximian completed construction in 547, preceding Justinian's creation of the Exarchate of Ravenna, which followed his partial re-conquest of the Western Roman Empire.

The construction of the church was sponsored by local banker and architect Julius Argentarius. Very little is known of Julius, but he also sponsored the construction of the nearby Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe at around the same time.^[2] A donor portrait of Julius Argentarius may appear among the courtiers on the Justinian mosaic. The final cost amounted to 26,000 solidi^[3] equal to 16.38 kilograms (36.11 lb) of gold. It has been suggested that Julius originated in the eastern part of the Byzantine Empire, where there was a long-standing tradition of public benefactions.

The central vault used a western technique of hollow tubes inserted into each other, rather than bricks. This method was the first recorded structural use of terra-cotta forms, which later evolved into modern structural clay tile. The ambulatory and gallery were vaulted only later in the Middle Ages.^[4]

The Baroque frescoes on the dome were made between 1778 and 1782 by S. Barozzi, Ubaldo Gandolfi and Jacopo Guarana.^[5]

Architecture

Mosaics of Justinian I and Theodora.

Triumphal arch mosaics of Jesus Christ and the Apostles

Ceiling mosaic above the presbytery

The main building of the church is laid out octagonally. The building combines Roman and Byzantine elements. The dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers are typical of Roman style, while the polygonal apse, capitals, narrow bricks, and an early example of flying buttresses are typical of the Byzantine. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics, the largest and best-preserved specimens outside of Istanbul. San Vitale is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact. Like the Church of Saints Sergios and Bacchos in Constantinople, its overall design is a "double-shelled octagon."^[6]

Some speculate that it reflects the design of the Byzantine Imperial Palace Audience Chamber, of which nothing at all survives. The bell tower has four bells. The tenor bell dates to the 16th century. According to legends, the church was erected on the site of the martyrdom of Saint Vitalis.^[7] However, there is some confusion as to whether this is the Saint Vitalis of Milan, or the Saint Vitale whose body was discovered (together with that of Saint Agricola) by Saint Ambrose in Bologna in 393.

Mosaic art

The central section is surrounded by two superposed ambulatories. The upper one, the matrimoneum, was possibly reserved for married women. A series of mosaics in the lunettes above the triforia depict sacrifices from the Old Testament:^[8] the Hospitality of Abraham (Genesis 18:1-16), and the Sacrifice of Isaac; the story of Moses and the Burning Bush, Jeremiah and Isaiah, representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel, and the story of Abel and Cain. A pair of angels, holding a medallion with a cross, crowns each lunette. On the side walls the corners, next to the mullioned windows, have mosaics of the Four Evangelists, under their symbols (angel, lion, ox and eagle), and dressed in white. Especially the portrayal of the lion is remarkable in its ferocity.

The cross-ribbed vault in the presbytery is richly ornamented with mosaic festoons of leaves, fruit and flowers, converging on a crown encircling the Lamb of God. The crown is supported by four angels, and every surface is covered with a profusion of flowers, stars, birds and animals, including many peacocks. Above the arch, on both sides, two angels hold a disc and beside them a representation of the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. They symbolize the human race (Jerusalem representing the Jews, and Bethlehem the Gentiles).^{[citation needed]}

All these mosaics are executed in the Hellenistic-Roman tradition: lively and imaginative, with rich colours and a certain perspective, and with a vivid depiction of the landscape, plants and birds. The polychrome colors and shapes, as well as the preference for geometric pattern over representation is known as the jeweled style in Late Antiquity.^[9] They were finished when Ravenna was still under Gothic rule ^{[citation needed]}. The apse is flanked by two chapels, the prothesis and the diaconicon, typical for Byzantine architecture.

Inside, the intrados of the great triumphal arch is decorated with fifteen mosaic medallions, depicting Jesus Christ, the twelve Apostles and Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius, the sons of Saint Vitale. The theophany was begun in 525 under bishop Ecclesius. It has a great gold fascia with twining flowers, birds, and horns of plenty.

The apse mosaic centers on a youthful depiction of Jesus Christ, seated on a blue globe, robed in purple, flanked by angels, offering with his right hand the martyr's crown to Saint Vitale, while on his left Bishop Ecclesius offers a model of the church, in his role as the symbolic donor of the church.

Justinian and Theodora panels

External videos
Byzantine Art: San Vitale, Ravenna, Smarthistory[10]

At the foot of the apse side walls are two famous mosaic panels, completed in 547. On viewer left (but privileged right side from perspective of Christ in apse) is a mosaic depicting the East Roman Emperor Justinian I, clad in Tyrian purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, generals Belisarius and Narses, Bishop Maximian, palatinae guards and deacons.^[11] The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse, but is part of the tradition of rendering the imperial family with haloes described by Ernst Kantorowicz in The King's Two Bodies. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire. The later insertion of Bishop Maximian's name above his head suggests that the mosaic may have been modified in 547, replacing the representation of the prior bishop with that of Maximian's.

The gold background of the mosaic perhaps shows that Justinian and his entourage are inside the church. The figures are placed in a V shape; Justinian is placed in the front and in the middle to show his importance with Bishop Maximian on his left and lesser individuals being placed behind them. This placement can be seen through the overlapping feet of the individuals present in the mosaic.^[12]

On the opposite wall, the more elaborate panel shows Empress Theodora solemn and formal, with a golden halo, crown and jewels, and a group of court women as well as eunuchs. The Empress holds the Eucharistic vessel for the Precious Blood, and her panel differs from that of Justinian in having a more complex background, with a fountain, cupola, and lavish hangings.^[13] They are adorned with intricately patterned textiles, possibly luxurious silks imported from the Sassanian Persian Empire.^[14] One scholar^[15] has argued that Theodora was depicted after her death in 548, but that theory has not been widely accepted due to other evidence that the mosaics were completed by 547 when the church was consecrated.^[16] This is the only certain image of the Empress Theodora, and stands in contrast to her depiction in some of the political rhetoric of the era.^[17]

Gallery

• 
  Ground plan of the building
• 
  Apse mosaic
• 
  Emperor Justinian and his retinue
• 
  Empress Theodora and attendants
• 
  The mosaic Sacrifice of Isaac
• 
  The interior of San Vitale
• 
  The presbytery

See also

• A La Ronde, an 18th-century house in Devon, England, that is supposedly based on the Basilica.
• List of Roman domes
• History of Roman and Byzantine domes

References

1. Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018), "basilica", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 2020-05-18
2. Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio (1910). Lombardic Architecture: Its Origin, Development and Derivatives. Vol. 1. trans. Rushford, G.M. London: William Heinemann. pp. 64–65.
3. Kleiner and Mamiya, Gardner's Art Through the Ages, p. 332,
4. Krautheimer, Richard (1986). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (4 ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7.
5. Basilica of S. Vitale: Justification for the inclusion to the World Heritage List. Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 30, 2015.
6. Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Innovative Architecture in the Age of Justinian". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). A Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Smarthistory.
7. Kleiner, Fred, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2008). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1-18 (12th ed.). Mason, OH: Wadsworth. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-495-46740-3.
8. Kleiner and Mamiya. Gardner's Art Through the Ages, p. 333.
9. Roberts, Michael (1989). The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. Cornell University Press. pp. 66–121. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
10. "Byzantine Art: San Vitale, Ravenna". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
11. Farber, Alan (2021). Freeman, Evan (ed.). "San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic" in Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Smarthistory.
12. Kleiner and Mamiya. Gardner's Art Through the Ages, pp. 333, 336.
13. Andreescu-Treadgold, Irina; Treadgold, Warren (1997). "Procopius and the Imperial Panels of S. Vitale". The Art Bulletin. 79 (4): 708–723. doi:10.2307/3046283. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3046283.
14. Walker, Alicia (2021). "Cross-cultural Interaction in the Early Byzantine Period". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). A Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Smarthistory.
15. MacCormack, Sabine (1981). Art and ceremony in late antiquity. University of California Press.
16. Andreescu-Treadgold, Irina; Treadgold, Warren (1997). "Procopius and the Imperial Panels of S. Vitale". The Art Bulletin. 79 (4): 708–723. doi:10.2307/3046283. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3046283.
17. McClanan, Anne (2021). "Empress Theodora, Rhetoric and Byzantine Art". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). A Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Smarthistory.

Further reading

• Alberti, Livia; Muscolino, Cetty (2005). "The conservation of the mosaics of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, 1989-1999: Construction technique and treatment methodology". In Bakirtzis, C. (ed.). Proceedings of VIIIth Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics (ICCM). Wall and Floor Mosaics: Conservation, Maintenance, Presentation, Thessaloniki 29 October - 3 November 2002 (PDF). Thessaloniki, Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Culture. pp. 169–180.
• Andreas Agnellus (2004). The Book of Pontiffs of the Church of Ravenna. Translated by D. Mauskopf Deliyannis. Washington: The Catholic University of American Press.
• Andreescu-Treadgold, Irina; Treadgold, Warren (1997). "Procopius and the Imperial Panels of San Vitale". Art Bulletin. 79 (4): 708–723. doi:10.2307/3046283. JSTOR 3046283.
• Mango, Cyril (1986). Art of the Byzantine Empire, 352-1453: Sources and Documents. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6627-5.
• Procopius (1961). On Buildings. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by H.B. Dewing and Glanville Downey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Tedeschi, Claudia; Muscolino, Cetty (2005). "Il pavimento musivo di San Vitale: Nuove osservazioni riguardanti l'aula ottagonale". In Bakirtzis, C. (ed.). Proceedings of VIIIth Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics (ICCM). Wall and Floor Mosaics: Conservation, Maintenance, Presentation, Thessaloniki 29 October - 3 November 2002 (PDF) (in Italian). Thessaloniki, Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Culture. pp. 73–80.
• Von Simson, Otto G. (1987). Sacred Fortress: Byzantine Art and Statecraft in Ravenna. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00276-7.
• Weitzmann, Kurt, ed. (1979). Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century: Catalogue of the exhibition Nov. 19, 1977 - Feb. 12, 1978. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 666–667. ISBN 978-0-87099-179-0.

External links

Media related to San Vitale (Ravenna) at Wikimedia Commons

• History of Byzantine Architecture: San Vitale (photos)
• Great Buildings On-line: San Vitale (photos)
• Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages (photos)