Barrioization

Barrioization (sometimes spelled barriorization) is a theory developed by Chicano scholars Albert Camarillo and Richard Griswold del Castillo to explain the historical formation and maintenance of ethnically segregated neighborhoods of Chicanos and Latinos in the United States. The term was first coined by Camarillo in his book Chicanos in a Changing Society (1979). The process was explained in the context of Los Angeles by Griswold del Castillo in The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History (1979).^[1][2] Camarillo defined the term as "the formation of residentially and segregated Chicano barrios or neighbourhoods."^[3] The term is used in the field of Human Geography.^[4]

El Paso's Second Ward, a Chicano neighborhood or barrio (1972).

Term

Barrioization stems from the word barrio, Spanish for neighborhood or dependency of a city. The term was first used in the context of the so-called New World to describe Aztec calpullis. The capital city of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan had approximately 60 calpullis. When the Spanish colonizers overran the city in 1519, they referred to the calpullis as barrios, since at the time the word had about the same meaning in Spain. The first barrios were filled with Indigenous peoples, particularly in what is now Mexico. Over time, barrio began to refer to areas of cities in Mexico where the laboring or working class lived, especially as this was the primary role Indigenous peoples played in the colonial system.^[4]

History

Los Angeles, California

Pueblo de Los Angeles was founded 1781. Scholar Richard Griswold del Castillo states that while there is no evidence that the term barrio was used prior to 1848 in California, that the adjacent village of Yaanga "may have been considered a barrio."^[4] The pueblo was built using labor from the local Indigenous village and was totally dependent on their labor for its survival.^[5] Following the Anglo-American invasion and occupation of Los Angeles, the term barrio took on new meaning. As early as 1872, Spanish-speaking editors were writing the problems of the barrio which the Anglos referred to as Sonoratown. The community was exploited for their labor and was a center for poverty, crime, and illness in the city, yet also existed as a place where Spanish-speaking residents could "feel at home and abandon the masks they wore in the Anglo world."^[4]

In 1860, Mexican Americans comprised about 75% of the entire population of the Los Angeles. The city was divided into rich and poor areas, and most recent Mexican immigrants lived in poorer districts, the largest of which was Sonoratown. Conversely, wealthy Californios lived in richer areas and moved away from the central plaza as Sonoratown expanded outward. Mexican Americans were segregated based on their limited access to property holdings and land investments in wealthier districts, which concentrated their property holdings in poorer areas of the city. While a small minority of Mexican Americans gained upward mobility, they "tended toward assimilation with Anglo-Americans" and therefore only diluted the potential strength of Mexican Americans politically. While not all Mexican Americans sought assimilation during the 19th century, many openly accepted whites into their organizations and clubs. Demographic changes in Los Angeles sharply decreased Mexican American political power by the late 19th century.^[4]

Today, the area of southeastern Los Angeles County is "home to one of the largest and highest concentrations of Latinos in Southern California," according to geographer James R. Curtis, who is commonly attributed to coining the term in AP Human Geography.^[6][7]

References

1. Le Texier, Emmanuelle (30 June 2003). "Mobilizing in the Barrio: Conflicting Identities and the Language of Politics". Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. p. 11.
2. Camarillo, Albert (1996) [1979]. Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848-1930. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674113978.
3. Emmanouilidou, Sophia (2013). "Barrio Vistas". Landscapes of Writing in Chicano Literature. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. ISBN 9781137353450.
4. Griswold del Castillo, Richard (1982) [1979]. The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850-1890: A Social History. University of California Press. pp. 139–64. ISBN 9780520047730.
5. Estrada, William David (2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. pp. 17, 35. ISBN 9780292782099. pg. 17 'Hence, the location of Yaanga near El Rio de la Porciuncula (Los Angeles River) was an essential prerequisite to the survival of Los Angeles.' pg. 35 'After Los Angeles was founded, the adjacent village of Yaanga served as the main source of labor for the pueblo and surrounding ranchos... In fact, as the demand for Indian labor grew, the Yaanga village began to look more like a refugee camp than a traditional community.'
6. Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; Blij, Harm J. de (2009-01-27). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38258-5.
7. Arreola, Daniel D., ed. (2004). Hispanic spaces, Latino places: community and cultural diversity in contemporary America (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70267-7.