Barbourofelidae

Barbourofelidae is an extinct family of carnivorans of the suborder Feliformia, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats,^[2] that lived in North America, Eurasia and Africa during the Miocene epoch (16.9—9.0 million years ago) and existed for about 7.9 million years.^[3] Thought to be an independent lineage from the Nimravidae and Machairodontinae, which had all attained elongated canines, recent research argues that it may be a subfamily of the Nimravidae, extending its biochronological range into the Miocene, although this issue is not yet fully resolved.^[4]

Barbourofelidae Temporal range: Miocene, 16.9–9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Barbourofelis loveorum at the Florida Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	†Barbourofelidae Schultz, et al., 1970[1]
Genera
†Ginsburgsmilus †Syrtosmilus †Vampyrictis †Oriensmilus Tribe †Afrosmilini †Afrosmilus †Prosansanosmilus †Jinomrefu Tribe †Barbourofelini †Albanosmilus †Barbourofelis †Sansanosmilus

Taxonomy

The type genus, Barbourofelis, was originally described by Schultz et al. (1970) and assigned to a new tribe, Barbourofelini, within the felid subfamily Machairodontinae, along with the other sabre-toothed cats.^[5] Subsequently, the tribe was reassigned to the Nimravidae by Tedford (1978) and raised to a subfamily by Bryant (1991).^[6][3] However, a number of studies in the early 2000s identified a closer affinity of the barbourofelines to the Felidae than to the Nimravidae^[7] and they were reranked as a distinct family by Morlo et al. (2004).^[3] Since then the prevailing view has the barbourofelids as the sister group to the Felidae,^[8] although this has recently been challenged, following the description of the middle Miocene genus Oriensmilus from northern China, which provided evidence, mainly based on basicranial morphology, that barbourofelids may be more closely related to nimravids than to felids.^[9]

Barbourofelids first appear in the fossil record in the Early Miocene of Africa. By the end of the Early Miocene, a land bridge had opened between Africa and Eurasia, allowing for a faunal exchange between the two continents. Barbourofelids migrated at least three times from Africa to Europe.^[10] While the genus Sansanosmilus evolved in Europe, barbourofelids also migrated through Eurasia and reached North America by the late Miocene, represented there solely by the genus Barbourofelis.

A further two species of Sansanosmilus (S. rhomboidalis and S. serratus) were described by G.E. Pilgrim in 1932 based on fragmentary fossils from the Siwaliks,^[11] and a third species from the same area and of similarly fragmentary nature, Sivasmilus copei, was described by Miklos Kretzoi in 1929.^[12] Sansanosmilus rhomboidalis was described further, with new material assigned, in 2022.^[13]

A much older species, Oriensmilus liupanensis, was described in 2020. Unlike other older barbourofelids, it was found in China.^[14]

Another species of Afrosmilini from Africa, Jinomrefu lakwanza, was described in 2020 as well.^[15] Further research into the relations of Afrosmilini was published in 2021; along with assigning new material to various species, it described an unusual specimen (FT3366, a p4) from Fort Ternan that could not be assigned to any genus, and suggested the Ginsburgsmilus was also part of Afrosmilini.^[16]

Classification

• Family †Barbourofelidae
  • †Oriensmilus
    • †Oriensmilus liupanensis
  • †Sivasmilus
    • †Sivasmilus copei
  • †Vampyrictis^[6]
    • †Vampyrictis vipera
  • Tribe †Afrosmilini
    • †Afrosmilus^[17]
      • †Afrosmilus africanus
      • †Afrosmilus hispanicus
      • †Afrosmilus turkanae
    • †Ginsburgsmilus (Morales, Salesa, Pickford, & Soria; 2001)
      • †Ginsburgsmilus napakensis
    • †Jinomrefu
      • †Jinomrefu lakwanza
    • †Prosansanosmilus (Heizmann, Ginsburg, & Bulot; 1980)
      • †Prosansanosmilus eggeri
      • †Prosansanosmilus peregrinus
    • †Syrtosmilus^[6]
      • †Syrtosmilus syrtensis
  • Tribe †Barbourofelini
    • †Albanosmilus (Kretzoi, 1929)
      • †Albanosmilus jourdani
      • †Albanosmilus whitfordi
    • †Barbourofelis (Schultz, Schultz & Martin; 1970)
      • †Barbourofelis fricki
      • †Barbourofelis loveorum
      • †Barbourofelis morrisi
      • †Barbourofelis piveteaui
    • †Sansanosmilus (Kretzoi, 1929)
      • †Sansanosmilus palmidens
      • †Sansanosmilus rhomboidalis
      • †Sansanosmilus serratus

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Barbourofelidae are shown in the following cladogram:^[18][19]

†Barbourofelidae

†Vampyrictis  †Vampyrictis vipera  †Syrtosmilus  †Syrtosmilus syrtensis  †Ginsburgsmilus  †Ginsburgsmilus napakensis  †Afrosmilini   †Afrosmilus  †Afrosmilus africanus †Afrosmilus hispanicus †Afrosmilus turkanae  †Prosansanosmilus  †Prosansanosmilus eggeri †Prosansanosmilus peregrinus  †Barbourofelini   †Sansanosmilus  †Sansanosmilus palmidens  †Albanosmilus  †Albanosmilus jourdani †Albanosmilus whitfordi  †Barbourofelis  †Barbourofelis loveorum †Barbourofelis morrisi †Barbourofelis fricki †Barbourofelis piveteaui

References

1. "Paleobiology Database (Barbourofelidae)". Retrieved 19 Oct 2012.
2. Alba, David; Fortuny, Josep; De Esteban-Trivigno, Soledad; Robles Gimenez, Jose; Almécija, Sergio (January 2012). "ENCEPHALIZATION AND BRAIN MORPHOLOGY IN EXTINCT, FALSE SABER-TOOTHED CATS (BARBOUROFELIDAE)". ResearchGate. 32 – via Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
3. Michale Morlo; Stéphane Peigné & Doris Nagel (January 2004). "A new species of Prosansanosmilus: implications for the systematic relationships of the family Barbourofelidae new rank (Carnivora, Mammalia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (1): 43. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00087.x.
4. Barrett, Paul Z.; Hopkins, Samantha; Price, Samantha A. (2021). "How many sabertooths? Reevaluating the number of carnivoran sabertooth lineages with total-evidence Bayesian techniques and a novel origin of the Miocene Nimravidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (1). Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E3523B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1923523. S2CID 236221655.
5. Schultz, C. B.; Schultz, M.; Martin, L. D. (1970). "A new Tribe of Saber-toothed cats (Barbourofelini) from the Pliocene of North America". Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum. 9 (1): 1–31.
6. Bryant, H. N. (1991). "Phylogenetic Relationships and Systematics of the Nimravidae (Carnivora)". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (1): 56–78. doi:10.2307/1381980. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1381980.
7. Lars W. van den Hoek Ostende; Michael Morlo & Doris Nagel (July 2006). "Fossils explained 52 Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats". Geology Today. 22 (4): 150. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x. S2CID 128960196.
8. Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
9. Xiaoming Wang; Stuart C. White; Jian Guan (2020). "A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (9): 783–803. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066. S2CID 211545222.
10. Michael Morlo (2006). "New remains of Barbourofelidae from the Miocene of Southern Germany: implications for the history of barbourid migrations". Beiträge zur Paläontologie, Wien. 30: 339–346.
11. Pilgrim, G.E. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India". Mem. Geol. Sur. Ind. Palaeont. Ind. New Series. 18: 1–232.
12. Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialen zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen". Cong. Int. Zool. Budapest. 10: 1293–1355.
13. Mahmood, Khalid (2023). "Barbourofelines from the Middle-Late Miocene of the Siwaliks, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20221013201049. S2CID 257513528.
14. Wang, Xiaoming; White, Stuart C.; Guan, Jian (2020). "A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (9): 783–803. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066. S2CID 211545222.
15. Friscia, Anthony R.; Macharwas, Mathew; Muteti, Samuel; Ndiritu, Francis; Tab Rasmussen, D. (2020). "A Transitional Mammalian Carnivore Community from the Paleogene–Neogene Boundary in Northern Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (5): e1833895. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E3895F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1833895. S2CID 228844419.
16. Werdelin, Lars (2022). "African Barbourofelinae (Mammalia, Nimravidae): A critical review". Historical Biology. 34 (8): 1347–1355. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998034. S2CID 244015910.
17. Morales, J.; Salesa, M.J.; et al. (July 2007). "A new tribe, new genus and two new species of Barbourofelinae (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of East Africa and Spain". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 92 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000067. S2CID 85704378.
18. Robles, Josep M.; Alba, David M.; Fortuny, Josep; Esteban-Trivigno, Soledad De; Rotgers, Cheyenn; Balaguer, Jordi; Carmona, Raül; Galindo, Jordi; Almécija, Sergio; Bertó, Juan V.; Moyà-Solà, Salvador (2013). "New craniodental remains of the barbourofelid Albanosmilus jourdani(Filhol, 1883) from the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula) and the phylogeny of the Barbourofelini". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (8): 993–1022. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.724090. S2CID 85157737.
19. Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.