Baorangia bicolor
Edible fungus in the genus Baorangia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Baorangia bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme, is a species of fungus in the genus Baorangia.
| Baorangia bicolor | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Baorangia |
| Species: | B. bicolor |
| Binomial name | |
| Baorangia bicolor (Peck) G.Wu & Zhu L.Yang (2015) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| Baorangia bicolor | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is olive |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible but not recommended |
Its fruit body, the mushroom, is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the stem over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar poisonous species Boletus sensibilis. There are also nonpoisonous similar species, and two varieties, var. borealis and var. subreticulatus.
Baorangia bicolor inhabits most of eastern North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains, and is in season during the summer and fall. It can also be found in China and Nepal. It is an edible mushroom.
Taxonomy
Summarize
Perspective
Baorangia bicolor was originally named in 1807 by the Italian botanist Giuseppe Raddi.[2] American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named a species collected in Sandlake, New York, in 1870, Boletus bicolor. Although this naming is considered illegitimate due to article 53.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature,[3] Peck is still given as the authority in the Bessette et al. (2000) monograph of North American boletes.[4] Boletus bicolor (Raddi) is not a synonym of "Boletus bicolor" Peck.[1][5] Peck's Boletus bicolor describes the Eastern North American species that is the familiar "two-colored bolete", while Raddi's Boletus bicolor describes a separate European species that is lost to science.[6] This taxonomic conflict has yet to be resolved. In 1909 a species found in Singapore was named Boletus bicolor by George Edward Massee;[7] this naming is illegitimate and is synonymous with Boletochaete bicolor according to Singer.[8][9] Molecular studies found that Boletus bicolor was not closely related to the type species of Boletus, Boletus edulis, and in 2015 Alfredo Vizzini transferred Boletus bicolor to the genus Baorangia.[10][11][12] The original botanical name for this two-colored bolete was derived from the Latin words bōlētus, meaning "mushroom",[13] and bicolor, meaning "having two colors."[14]
Description
Summarize
Perspective
The color of the cap varies from light red and almost pink to brick red. The most common coloration is brick red when mature. The cap is 4–15 cm (1+1⁄2–6 in) wide, with yellow pores underneath.[15] It is one of several types of boletes that have the unusual reaction of the pore surface producing a dark blue/indigo when injured, although the reaction is slower than with other bluing boletes. When the flesh is exposed it also turns a dark blue, but less dramatically than the pore surface.[16]
The stem is 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 1–3 cm (3⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) thick.[15] The stem coloration is yellow at the apex and a red or rosy red for the lower two thirds. When injured it bruises blue very slowly and may hardly change color at all in some cases. The stem lacks a ring and lacks a partial veil.[17]
Microscopic characteristics
The spore deposit is olive-brown.[15] Viewed with a microscope, the spores are slightly oblong to ventricose in face view; in profile view, the spores are roughly inequilateral to oblong, and have a shallow suprahilar depression. The spores appear nearly hyaline (translucent) to pale dingy ochraceous when mounted in potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), have a smooth surface, and measure 8–12 by 3.5–5 μm. The tube trama is divergent and gelatinous, originates from a single central strand, not amyloid, and will often stain yellow-brown when placed in dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH).[18]
Chemical tests
Further methods of identification are chemical tests. With the application of FeSO4 to the cap cuticle (pileipellis), it will turn a dark grey, almost black color and with the application of potassium hydroxide or NH4OH it has a negative coloration. The context stains a bluish grey to an olive green when FeSO4 is applied to it, a pale orange to a pale yellow with the application of KOH, and negative with the application of NH4OH.[17]
Similar species
There are several similar species and the differences are minute in most cases. Boletus sensibilis differs in that it has an immediate bruising reaction and is poisonous, causing stomach upset if ingested, and in some cases a severe allergic reaction.[19][20] B. miniato-olivaceus has a full yellow stem and slightly lighter cap coloration. It also has a more immediate bruising reaction and the stem is slightly longer in proportion to the cap.[21] B. peckii has a smaller average size, a rose red cap that turns almost brown with age, flesh that is paler in color, and a bitter taste. B. speciosus has a fully reticulated stem, more brilliant colors, and very narrow cylindrical spores.[22]
Hortiboletus rubellus subsp. rubens is almost indistinguishable in appearance.[21] Boletus bicoloroides is very similar, but has only been found in Michigan and has larger spores. B. bicoloroides is slightly larger, the cap around 1 cm (3⁄8 in) wider and the stem 1 cm longer.[23] Lanmaoa pallidorosea quickly stains blue. Hortiboletus species are usually smaller.[15]
Varieties
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Perspective
There are two varieties of the two-colored bolete: borealis and subreticulatus.[24] Both varieties have a very similar habitat to that of the main species, except they appear to be limited to just the North American continent. Both varieties also have a slightly different coloration than that of the two-colored bolete, have deeper pores, and are not as often eaten or used in regional recipes.[18]
Variety borealis
Variety borealis has a slightly darker color scheme than the main species. The coloration in general is darker; the cap can vary from a bright apple red to a dark brick red with maturity, to almost purple in some instances. The pore surface has a varying coloration of orange red to red and becoming a dull brown red with age. The bruising coloration is a blue green and the spore print is olive brown. The distribution of variety borealis is relatively small, ranging from Michigan to the upper New England states. The similar distribution and coloration to Boletus carminiporus has caused the two to be confused.[18] New molecular evidence shows that borealis is not closely related to Baorangia bicolor var. bicolor.[10]
Variety subreticulatus
Variety subreticulatus, like variety borealis, has a generally darker coloration than the two-colored bolete, but varies much more than either. When fresh the coloration of the cap varies from a rose red, red, rose pink, dark red, and purple red. With age it changes to a cinnamon red or a rusty rose color, with yellowing toward the margin. The pore surface is similar to that of the main species–yellow when fresh and with age changing to a dull ochre yellow; the bruising coloration is blue but is much lighter and sometimes not appearing to stain when bruised at all. The spore print is olive brown.[18] The distribution of variety subreticulatus is very similar to the distribution of the two-colored bolete in North America, and appears north to eastern Canada and south to Florida, and west to Wisconsin.[18]
Distribution and habitat
The two-colored bolete is distributed from southeastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains, as far south as the Florida peninsula, and out to the Midwest as far as Wisconsin. It is commonly found in deciduous woodland and usually grows under or close to broad-leaved trees, especially oak.[16] It can be found in isolation and in groups or clusters, primarily during June through October.[25] It is also found in China and Nepal.[26] This unusual distribution is part of the Grayan disjunction, a phenomenon characterized by a species living in one continent or island and then also on the other side of the world with no specimens of the species living in between the specific habitats. The Grayan disjunction is not uncommon among fungi.[27]
Edibility
The two-colored bolete is an edible mushroom, although some may have an allergic reaction after ingestion that results in stomach upset.[28] The mushroom has a very mild to no taste[29] although it is said to have a very distinctive taste like that of the king bolete.[clarification needed] It can be cooked several ways, and the varying color of the cap can be used to determine if the mushroom is ready to be eaten. If the cap is a lighter red, then it is less mature and is in a stage where it is often larva infested or it can be soft fleshed, in some cases both. The cap should have a dark brick red color when safe to eat.[30][citation needed] Drying the two-colored bolete is a good method for storage. It is important to note the time it takes to bruise when identifying the species for consumption; the mushroom should take several minutes to bruise compared to the instant bruising of Boletus sensibilis, which is poisonous and has many of the same visual characteristics.[28]
It is one of the most used mushrooms of over 200 species of edible mushrooms used in Nepal.[26]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baorangia bicolor.
References
Bibliography
External links
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