Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Praise be to You, Jesus Christ),[1] BWV 91, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote the Christmas cantata in Leipzig in 1724 for Christmas Day and first performed it on 25 December. It is based on the hymn "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" by Martin Luther which was 200 years old when Bach wrote the work.
| Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ | |
|---|---|
BWV 91 | |
| by J. S. Bach | |
.jpg) | |
| Chorale | "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" by Martin Luther |
| Performed | 25 December 1724: Leipzig |
| Movements | 6 |
| Vocal | SATB choir and solo |
| Instrumental |
|
The cantata belongs to Bach's chorale cantata cycle, the second cantata cycle during his tenure as Thomaskantor that began in 1723. The cantata text retains the first and last stanza of the chorale unchanged for a chorale fantasia and a four-part chorale setting, while an unknown librettist paraphrased the inner stanzas into alternating recitatives and arias.
The cantata is scored for four vocal soloists, a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns, timpani, three oboes, strings and basso continuo.
History and words
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ from Bach's chorale cantata cycle is based on the main chorale for Christmas Day, Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ". This song was published in 1524, thus was 200 years old when Bach composed his work.[2] Its beginning summarizes Christmas in two lines: "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, daß du Mensch geboren bist" (Praise be to You, Jesus Christ, since You were born a man).[1] All seven stanzas end with the acclamation Kyrieleis. The cantata was Bach's first composed for Christmas Day in Leipzig; in his first year in Leipzig 1723 he had chosen to perform Christen, ätzet diesen Tag, BWV 63 again, written for the occasion earlier in Weimar.[3]
The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the Epistle to Titus, "God's mercy appeared" (Titus 2:11–14) alternating with Isaiah, "Unto us a child is born" (Isaiah 9:2–7), and from the Gospel of Luke, the Nativity, Annunciation to the shepherds and the angels' song (Luke 2:1–14).[4][5] Typical for Bach's chorale cantata cycle, an unknown librettist retained the first and the last stanza unchanged, but paraphrased the ideas of the inner stanzas into alternating recitatives and arias.[2] In this cantata, the complete text of the second stanza was also retained for the first recitative but expanded there line by line with new text.[2]
Bach led the Thomanerchor in the first performance of the cantata on 25 December 1724.[2][4] He performed the cantata again four more times on 25 December, in 1731, in 1732 or 1733, and twice in the 1740s,[4] even after his Christmas Oratorio had been first performed in 1734 for which he also used two stanzas of the same chorale.[6][7]
Music
Structure and scoring
Bach structured Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ in six movements. Both text and tune of the hymn are retained in the outer movements, a chorale fantasia and a four-part closing chorale.[8] Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns (Co), timpani (Ti), three oboes (Ob), two violin parts (Vl), a viola part (Va) and basso continuo.[4] The duration of the cantata is given as 20 minutes.[9] Bach would later use the pair of horns in Part IV of his Christmas Oratorio.
In the following table of the movements, the scoring, keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr's standard work Die Kantaten von J. S. Bach.[10] The continuo, which plays throughout, is not shown.
| No. | Title | Text | Type | Vocal | Winds | Strings | Key | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ | Luther | Chorale fantasia | SATB | 2Co Ti 3Ob | 2Vl Va | G major |  |
| 2 | Der Glanz der höchsten Herrlichkeit | anon., Luther | Recitative and chorale | S | | |||
| 3 | Gott, dem der Erden Kreis zu klein | anon. | Aria | T | 3Ob | C major | 3 4 | |
| 4 | O Christenheit! Wohlan | anon. | Recitative | B | 2Vl Va | | ||
| 5 | Die Armut, so Gott auf sich nimmt | anon. | Aria Duetto | S A | 2Vl | E minor | | |
| 6 | Das hat er alles uns getan | Luther | Chorale | SATB | 2Co Ti 3Ob | 2Vl Va | G major | |
Movements
1
The opening chorus, "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" (All praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ),[2]makes use of four choirs: the voices, the horns, the oboes and the strings. The material from the ritornellos, running scales against sustained thirds in the horns,[11] is present also in interludes between the five lines and as accompaniment for the vocal parts. The choral melody is sung by the soprano. The lower voices are set in imitation for the first and the last line, in chords for the second and fourth line, and in a combination in the central line[8] "Von einer Jungfrau, das ist wahr" (From a virgin, this is true).[1] John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, noted the 17th-century roots of the movement.[11]
2
A recitative for soprano, "Der Glanz der höchsten Herrlichkeit" (The radiance of the highest glory),[1] prepares each line of the chorale stanza with contemporary lines. While the new text is set as secco recitative, the chorale lines use the chorale tune, accompanied by a repetition of the first line of the chorale in double tempo.[8]
3
The tenor aria, "Gott, dem der Erden Kreis zu klein" (God, for whom the orb of the earth is too small),[1] is accompanied by three oboes.[8][11]
4
In a recitative for bass, "O Christenheit! Wohlan, so mache die bereit" (O Christianity! Now then, make yourself ready),[1] the strings illuminate the voice.[8] It is slow accompagnato that refers in chromatic to the "vale of tears".[11]
5
The last aria, "Die Armut, so Gott auf sich nimmt" (The poverty that God takes upon himself),[1] is a duet for soprano and alto, contrasting "Armut" (poverty) and "Überfluss" (abundance), "Menschlich Wesen" (human being), rendered in chromatic upward lines, and "Engelsherrlichkeiten" (angelic splendours),[1] shown in coloraturas and triadic melodies.[8] The violins in unison play a dotted motif. Bach reworked the cantata in the 1730s and then added "lilting syncopations" to the voices, illustrating people trying to sing like angels.[11]
6
At times the horns have independent parts in the closing chorale,[12] "Das hat er alles uns getan" He has done all this for us),[1] they embellish especially the final Kyrieleis[8] to what Gardiner called "a rousing two-bar cadence".[11]
Manuscripts and publication
The first set of parts belongs to the Bach Archive.[4] The cantata was first published in 1875 in the first complete edition of Bach's work, the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe. The volume in question was edited by Thomaskantor Wilhelm Rust. In the Neue Bach-Ausgabe it was published in 1957, edited by Alfred Dürr, with a critical report the same year.[4]
Recordings
A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website.[13][14] Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performances are shown with a green background.
| Title | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra | Soloists | Label | Year | Orch. type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 5 | Gustav LeonhardtConcentus Musicus Wien |
|
Teldec | 1979 | Period |
| Die Bach Kantate Vol. 47 | Helmuth RillingGächinger Kantorei | Hänssler | 1984 | ||
| J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 20 | Ton KoopmanAmsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir | Antoine Marchand | 2000 | Period | |
| Bach Edition Vol. 14 – Cantatas Vol. 7 | Pieter Jan LeusinkHolland Boys ChoirNetherlands Bach Collegium | Brilliant Classics | 2000 | Period | |
| Bach Cantatas Vol. 14: New York[11][15] | John Eliot GardinerMonteverdi ChoirEnglish Baroque Soloists | Soli Deo Gloria | 2000 | Period | |
| J. S. Bach: Christmas Cantatas from Leipzig | Philippe HerrewegheCollegium Vocale Gent | Harmonia Mundi Franc | 2014 | Period | |
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 31 Cantatas from Leipzig 1724 – BWV 10, 93, 107, 178 | Masaaki SuzukiBach Collegium Japan | BIS | 2004 | Period | |
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 31 Cantatas from Leipzig 1724 – BWV 10, 93, 107, 178 | Rudolf LutzChoir & orchestra of the J. S. Bach-Stiftung |
|
J. S. Bach-Stiftung | 2016 | Period |
References
External links
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