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Autonomism or autonomismo, also known as autonomist Marxism, is an anti-capitalist social movement and Marxist-based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (operaismo).[1][2] Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant,[3] after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri,[4] who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio, as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno, and Franco Berardi.[5]
George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements by saying that "[i]n contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives, seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside."[6] This has involved a call for the independence of social movements from political parties,[7] in an anti-authoritarian revolutionary perspective that seeks to create a practical political alternative to authoritarian socialism, state socialism, and contemporary representative democracy.[8]
Autonomism influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen/Autonomen, the worldwide social centre movement and remains influential in Italy, France, and to a lesser extent the English-speaking countries. In the 21st century, those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to anarchists.[9]
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Early theorists like Mario Tronti, Antonio Negri, Sergio Bologna, and Paolo Virno developed notions of "immaterial" and "social labour" that extended the Marxist concept of labour to all society. They suggested that modern society's wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work, and that only a little of this was redistributed to the workers in the form of wages. Other Italian autonomists—particularly Marxist feminists, such as Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Silvia Federici—emphasised the importance of feminism and the value of unpaid female labour to capitalist society.[10][11] Michael Ryan, a scholar of the movement, writes:
Autonomy, as a movement and as a theory, opposes the notion that capitalism is an irrational system which can be made rational through planning. Instead, it assumes the workers' viewpoint, privileging their activity as the lever of revolutionary passage as that which alone can construct a communist society. Economics is seen as being entirely political; economic relations are direct political relations of force between class subjects. And it is in the economic category of the social worker, not in an alienated political form like the party, that the initiative for political change resides.[4]
In Empire, Negri and Michael Hardt argue that network power constructs are the most effective methods of organization against the neoliberal regime of capital accumulation and predict a massive shift in the dynamics of capital into a 21st century empire.[12]
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![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2024) |
West Germany
In West Germany, Autonome was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left.[14]
Italy
Within the context of the movement of 1977, riots took place in Bologna on 11 March 1977 following the killing of student Francesco Lorusso by police. Beginning in 1979, the state effectively prosecuted the autonomist movement, accusing it of protecting the Red Brigades, which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro. 12,000 far-left activists were detained; 600 fled the country, including 300 to France and 200 to South America.[15]
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The autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English-speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.[16] The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics, including Harry Cleaver, John Holloway, Steve Wright,[17] and Nick Dyer-Witheford.[18] In Denmark and Sweden, the word is used as a catch-all phrase for anarchists and the extra-parliamentary left in general, as was seen in the media coverage of the eviction of the squatting of Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen in March 2007.[19][20] Other Marxists have criticised autonomist Marxism or post-operaismo of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies.[21] It has also been criticised by other Marxists for being anti-humanist and anti-Hegelian.[22]
Movements and organizations
- Abahlali baseMjondolo, Shack dweller's movement in South Africa
- Blitz (Norway)
- Disobbedienti (ex Tute Bianche)
- Homeless Workers' Movement MTST
- Kämpa tillsammans!, a communist group in Malmö and Gothenburg
- London Autonomists
- Plan C, a British anti-authoritarian communist group inspired by autonomism
- Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation
- Ungdomshuset, Danish autonomist squat
- Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Publications
- Aufheben
- Collegamenti-Wobbly
- Multitudes magazine
- ROAR Magazine
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- 21st-century communist theorists
- Affective labor
- Autonome Nationalisten
- Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- Communization
- Direct democracy
- FEJUVE
- Horizontalidad
- Kommune 1
- Leaderless resistance
- Libertarian Marxism
- Open Marxism
- Popular assembly
- Revolutionary spontaneity
- Self-managed social center
- Self-managed social centres in Italy
- Sui iuris
- Syndicalism
- Temporary Autonomous Zone
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