Association list

In computer programming and particularly in Lisp, an association list, often referred to as an alist, is a linked list in which each list element (or node) comprises a key and a value. The association list is said to associate the value with the key. In order to find the value associated with a given key, a sequential search is used: each element of the list is searched in turn, starting at the head, until the key is found. Associative lists provide a simple way of implementing an associative array, but are efficient only when the number of keys is very small.

Association list
Type	associative array
Time complexity in big O notation Operation Average Worst case Search O(n) O(n) Insert O(1) O(1) Delete O(n) O(n) Space complexity Space O(n) O(n)

Operation

An associative array is an abstract data type that can be used to maintain a collection of key–value pairs and look up the value associated with a given key. The association list provides a simple way of implementing this data type.

To test whether a key is associated with a value in a given association list, search the list starting at its first node and continuing either until a node containing the key has been found or until the search reaches the end of the list (in which case the key is not present). To add a new key–value pair to an association list, create a new node for that key-value pair, set the node's link to be the previous first element of the association list, and replace the first element of the association list with the new node.^[1] Although some implementations of association lists disallow having multiple nodes with the same keys as each other, such duplications are not problematic for this search algorithm: duplicate keys that appear later in the list are ignored.^[2]

It is also possible to delete a key from an association list, by scanning the list to find each occurrence of the key and splicing the nodes containing the key out of the list.^[1] The scan should continue to the end of the list, even when the key is found, in case the same key may have been inserted multiple times.

Performance

The disadvantage of association lists is that the time to search is O(n), where n is the length of the list.^[3] For large lists, this may be much slower than the times that can be obtained by representing an associative array as a binary search tree or as a hash table. Additionally, unless the list is regularly pruned to remove elements with duplicate keys, multiple values associated with the same key will increase the size of the list, and thus the time to search, without providing any compensatory advantage.

One advantage of association lists is that a new element can be added in constant time. Additionally, when the number of keys is very small, searching an association list may be more efficient than searching a binary search tree or hash table, because of the greater simplicity of their implementation.^[4]

Applications and software libraries

In the early development of Lisp, association lists were used to resolve references to free variables in procedures.^[5][6] In this application, it is convenient to augment association lists with an additional operation, that reverses the addition of a key–value pair without scanning the list for other copies of the same key. In this way, the association list can function as a stack, allowing local variables to temporarily shadow other variables with the same names, without destroying the values of those other variables.^[7]

Many programming languages, including Lisp,^[5] Scheme,^[8] OCaml,^[9] and Haskell^[10] have functions for handling association lists in their standard libraries.

See also

• Self-organizing list, a strategy for re-ordering the keys in an association list to speed up searches for frequently-accessed keys.
• Property list, or plist, another associative array data structure used in Lisp^[11] (not to be confused with property lists, a file format also called plist files).

References

1. Marriott, Kim; Stuckey, Peter J. (1998). Programming with Constraints: An Introduction. MIT Press. pp. 193–195. ISBN 9780262133418.
2. Frické, Martin (2012). "2.8.3 Association Lists". Logic and the Organization of Information. Springer. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9781461430872.
3. Knuth, Donald. "6.1 Sequential Searching". The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 3: Sorting and Searching (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. pp. 396–405. ISBN 0-201-89685-0.
4. Janes, Calvin (2011). "Using Association Lists for Associative Arrays". Developer's Guide to Collections in Microsoft .NET. Pearson Education. p. 191. ISBN 9780735665279.
5. McCarthy, John; Abrahams, Paul W.; Edwards, Daniel J.; Hart, Timothy P.; Levin, Michael I. (1985). LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13011-4. See in particular p. 12 for functions that search an association list and use it to substitute symbols in another expression, and p. 103 for the application of association lists in maintaining variable bindings.
6. van de Snepscheut, Jan L. A. (1993). What Computing Is All About. Monographs in Computer Science. Springer. p. 201. ISBN 9781461227106.
7. Scott, Michael Lee (2000). "3.3.4 Association Lists and Central Reference Tables". Programming Language Pragmatics. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 137. ISBN 9781558604421.
8. Pearce, Jon (2012). Programming and Meta-Programming in Scheme. Undergraduate Texts in Computer Science. Springer. p. 214. ISBN 9781461216827.
9. Minsky, Yaron; Madhavapeddy, Anil; Hickey, Jason (2013). Real World OCaml: Functional Programming for the Masses. O'Reilly Media. p. 253. ISBN 9781449324766.
10. O'Sullivan, Bryan; Goerzen, John; Stewart, Donald Bruce (2008). Real World Haskell: Code You Can Believe In. O'Reilly Media. p. 299. ISBN 9780596554309.
11. "10.1. The Property List". Cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved 29 September 2017.