Arlington Farms

Arlington Farms was a temporary housing complex for female civil servants and service members during World War II. Built in 1942–1943 by the United States Government's Federal Works Agency (FWA), Arlington Farms was located on the former site of the United States Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm on the grounds of the historic 1,100-acre Custis-Lee family estate in Arlington County, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C.

Arlington Farms
Arlington County, Virginia, United States
Aerial view of Arlington Farms (outlined in yellow) circa 1949. Note: Pentagon on the left, Arlington Memorial Bridge on the right.
Arlington Farms
Coordinates	38.8792°N 77.0616°W / 38.8792; -77.0616
Type	Temporary Wartime Housing (Historical)
Site information
Owner	United States Government
Controlled by	United States Department of Defense United States Department of the Army
Open to the public	Yes
Condition	Demolished
Site history
Built	Fall 1942 to Spring 1943
Built by	John McShain, Inc., Doyle & Russell, & Wise Contracting Co.
In use	1943 (1943)–1960s?

Construction

The federal government began planning for an influx of wartime workers years before the United States officially entered World War II. In late 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a law to move the Department of Agriculture's Experimental Farm from Arlington, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, to its current location in Beltsville, Maryland to allow for an expansion of the military cantonment at Fort Myer.

The Arlington Farms land was originally considered for the new War Department building. However, when construction of the Pentagon began in 1941, it was on the nearby site of the old Washington-Hoover Airport. In April, 1942, the National Capital Park and Planning Commission selected numerous sites around the city for construction of temporary war housing. In addition to plans in West Potomac Park, near the Lincoln Memorial, on Capitol Hill, near present-day RFK Stadium, and in Suitland, Maryland, some 7,000 units were slated for Arlington Farms, just over the Arlington Memorial Bridge.^[1]

Five months later, the FWA, one of the forerunners of the General Services Administration (GSA), awarded $4 million in contracts for the construction of dormitories at Arlington Farms. The contractors were Philadelphia's John McShain, Inc., and two Virginia-based companies, Doyle & Russell and the Wise Contracting Company. The three firms were also partnered on the nearby Pentagon construction. John McShain's company was the most prominent in Washington at the time. Besides the Pentagon (1943), they were the primary contractor on National Airport (1941) and the Jefferson Memorial (1943).^[2]

Construction began almost immediately and on March 1, 1943, the first occupants of Arlington Farms moved into their wartime homes.^[3] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt played a role in the design and construction of the residential housing project. She toured the facilities when they first opened and presided over the formal dedication on October 15, 1943.^[4][5]

Life at Arlington Farms

The ten dormitories, each named after a U.S. state, and auxiliary buildings, including an infirmary and a recreation hall, covered approximately 28 acres of a 108-acre site. Six of the dorms housed civilians;four were designated for female members of the military. The dorms were "gray and extremely temporary in appearance", set on masonry foundations with exterior walls made of cemesto. Each dorm opened up into a lobby and various common areas, including game rooms, lounges, and a service shop, which sold food, drinks, cosmetics, and other sundry goods.

The walls were brightly painted, furniture was "bamboo in the modern motif", and decorations were provided by Works Projects Administration (WPA) artists.^[6] Jane Watson, art editor for The Washington Post, proclaimed it "remarkable how much thoughtful architectural designing and planning, judicious use of color, and the introduction of cheerful fabrics in the interior furnishings have done to lighten the barracks-like effect of these dormitories."^[7]

Off of the main lounge and common areas were ten two-story housing wings with single- and double-occupancy rooms. There were laundry areas and a kitchenette on each floor. Rooms were "small, but pleasantly furnished, with bed, dresser, mirror, chaise longue, floor lamp, ash tray, waste basket, and two pillows." The girls could exchange their linen twice a week and had weekly maid service.^[7]

The housing at Arlington Farms, which was segregated, was managed by the Public Buildings Administration and designated for select government workers with yearly salaries of $1,260 to $1,620. Four of the dorms housed military servicewomen, primarily Naval Reserve WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services), and six were civilian. Single 8-foot × 10-foot rooms rented for $24.50 and doubles for $16.50 a month.^[8]

The women who lived at Arlington Farms came from all over the country, recruited by the U.S. Civil Service Commission or into the WAVES, to work in government jobs in and around D.C. at places such as the nearby Pentagon, Navy Annex, or Arlington Hall, home of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service. When they were not working, the women could be found engaged in a variety of recreational activities on the campus or around town with the many young servicemen stationed in the Capital area.

The "28 Acres of Girls" became famous, so much so that in early 1945 when a group of four American prisoners of war who had recently escaped from a Japanese prison camp came to Washington for debriefing, they made Arlington Farms one of their first stops.^[9]

• 
  During intermission at one of the bi-weekly "open house" dances held in the main lounge of Idaho Hall, Arlington Farms.^[10]
• 
  Waiting for the bus at Arlington Farms.^[11]
• 
  Rear view of Idaho Hall, Arlington Farms, showing the windows of the main lounge.^[12]
• 
  The main street at Arlington Farms is lined with huge shade tree.^[13]
• 
  Reading the Sunday comics in a single room in Idaho Hall, Arlington Farms.^[14]

Postwar use

After the war ended in September 1945, Arlington Farms continued to operate for the next five years. Occupancy rates began to decline in the late 1940s, and buildings were consolidated and some transferred to the military for enlisted and family housing. By early 1950, fewer than 1,800 girls remained at Arlington Farms and the government began planning to shut down operations and transfer all the buildings and land over to the military as of July 31, 1950.^[15] The Army officially moved into the former "G-Girl Haven" in September 1950 and began using Arlington Farms as a draft center supporting the Korean War.^[16][17] The military maintained control of the site and the dormitories remained in use until they began to be demolished in the mid-1960s. A couple of the auxiliary buildings remained intact until the mid-1970s. The Arlington Farms site is currently part of Arlington National Cemetery.

Notes

1. "Planning Unit Picks Sites For Dormitories". The Washington Post. April 17, 1942.
2. "Arlington Housing Project Awards $4,268,000 Contracts". The Washington Post. September 20, 1942.
3. "Residence Hall Ready For First 200 Occupants". The Washington Post. February 20, 1943.
4. "First Lady Creates Stir At Dormitory". The Washington Post. May 19, 1943.
5. "Dormitories In Arlington Dedicated". The Washington Post. October 16, 1943.
6. "Government Girls Occupy New Dorm". The Washington Post. April 2, 1943.
7. Jane Watson (May 23, 1943). "Critic Finds U.S. Housing Attractive". The Washington Post.
8. "Room, Board to Cost Girls in U.S. Dorms Under $50". The Washington Post. May 21, 1942.
9. "Death March Survivor Finds ʻThe Girlʼ Here". The Washington Post. March 19, 1945.
10. "LC-USW3-025729-E". FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
11. "LC-USW3-026037". FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
12. "LC-USW3-025745-E". FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
13. "LC-USW3-028271-E". FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
14. "LC-USW3-029050-E". FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
15. Dorothea Andrews (July 23, 1950). "Arlington Farm Soon to be a Memory to G-Girls". The Washington Post.
16. "Army Moves Into G-Girlsʼ Haven Today". The Washington Post. September 1, 1950.
17. "50 Virginia, Maryland 24 and 25-Year-Olds Are Processed at Arlington Farms". The Washington Post. July 26, 1950.

References

• Carl M. Brauer, The Man Who Built Washington: A Life of John McShain, (Wilmington, Hagley, 1996) ISBN 978-0-914650-31-7
• Edwina V. A. Avery, comp., The Arlington Experimental Farm: A Handbook of Information for Visitors, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928), pp. 1–5.
• Ethel Standley Collection (AFC/2001/001/38211), Veterans History Project, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/38211, (accessed June 10, 2011), American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.
• Jackie Lyn, All In A Lifetime: True Experiences and Miracles, (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2007), pp. 68–73. ISBN 978-1-4259-4271-7
• Joan Baxter Dunlap, "Donʼt Cry, Honey. Heʼs Home Now," in An Honor To Serve, ed. Richard David Wissolik and Barbara J. Wissolik, (Latrobe, PA: SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 2007), pp. 89–94. ISBN 978-1-885851-20-8
• Zula Dietrich, Zula Remembers: South Arlington in Earlier Times, (Fort Valley, VA: Loft Press, Inc., 2005), pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-893846-63-0

External links

• U.S. Library of Congress - Prints & Photographs Online Catalog: Additional Arlington Farms photographs as part of LOT 763 (M) [P&P].
• U.S. Library of Congress – Veterans History Project Online transcripts and video interviews of World War II veterans, including various service women stationed at or around Arlington Farms.
• Arlington National Cemetery (official website – archive)
• Magellan.co: GIS & Aerial Photos viewer for Arlington County — access to intermittent, historic aerial photographs of the Arlington Farms site, beginning in 1934.