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Extinct Yeniseian language of Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk,[2] north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century.[2]
It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.[2]
Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes -set, -igai, -lat, -zat, -zet and -sat (meaning "river") and -kul'/-kul (meaning "water").[3] These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the ar-jäx "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.[2][4]
It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.[4] The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,[5] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.[6]
One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial k- and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word kul (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word uˑl’ and the Kott word ûl.[7]
The vowel system in Arin is as follows:[3]
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | pʼh [pʲ] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | kʼ [kʲ] | q [q] | qʼ [qʲ] | (ʔ [ʔ])1 |
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | (f [f]) | s [s] š [ʃ] | sʼ [sʲ] | x [χ] | (h [h]) | ||||
voiced | (v [v]) | z [z] ž [ʒ] | ||||||||
Affricate | c [t͡s] | č [t͡ʃ] (dž [d͡ʒ]) | ||||||||
Nasal | m [m] | mʼ [mʲ] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] | |||||
Lateral | l [l] | lʼ [lʲ] | ||||||||
Approximant | j [j] | |||||||||
Trill | r [r] | (rʼ [rʲ]) |
Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.
There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.[3]
Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word teminkur (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word *tämir qān (meaning "iron blood").[8]
No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
---|---|---|
1 | qusej | Кг̧узей |
2 | kina | Ки́на |
3 | tʼoŋa | Тьюнга |
4 | šája ~ šaga ~ šeja | Ша́га |
5 | qala ~ qaga ~ kala | Ка́ла |
6 | ögga ~ ɨga ~ ɛge | Эгга |
7 | ɨnʼa ~ ona ~ una | Ыньа |
8 | kinamančau | Кинаманчау́ |
9 | qusamančau | Кг̧усаманчау |
10 | qoa | Кг̧оа |
11 | qóa-qúsa | |
12 | qóa-kina | |
13 | qóa-tʼoŋa | |
14 | qoa-šaja | |
15 | qoa-qala | |
16 | qoa-ögga | |
17 | qoa-ɨnʼa | |
18 | qoa-kinamančaú | |
19 | qoa-qusamančau | |
20 | kintʼuŋ | |
30 | tʼoŋtʼuːŋ | |
40 | šájtʼuːŋ | |
50 | qaltʼuːŋ | |
60 | ögtʼuːŋ ~ uj-tuŋ | |
70 | ɨ́ntʼuŋ | |
80 | kina-mančaú tʼuːŋ | |
90 | qusamančautʼuːŋ | |
100 | jus | Іусь |
200 | kin-jus | |
300 | tʼoŋ-jus | |
1000 | qo-jus |
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