Zobah

Not to be confused with Zoba.

Zobah or Aram-Zobah (Hebrew: אֲרָם צוֹבָא, romanized: ʾĂrām Ṣōḇāʾ) was an early Aramean state and former vassal kingdom of Israel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible that extended northeast of David's realm according to the Hebrew Bible.^[1]

Alexander Kirkpatrick, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (1896), places it broadly between Damascus and the Euphrates.^[1] It is thought by some to have extended from the Beqaa Valley along the eastern side of the Anti-Lebanon mountains, reaching Hama to the north and Damascus to the south, making it at one time a state of considerable importance.^[2]

In the Hebrew Bible

In 1 Samuel 14:47, the kings of Zobah were said to have fought with the Israelite king Saul. Kirkpatrick suggests that "the 'kings' were independent chiefs", but by the time of David, there was a single king, Hadadezer bar Rehob.^[1] Later, King Hadadezer bar Rehob allied with Ammon against King David, who defeated Zobah and made the kingdom tributary to Israel (2 Samuel 10). In this war, Arameans from across the Euphrates came to Hadadezer's aid (2 Sam. 10:16). Upon the accession of Solomon, Zobah became independent of Israel (compare 1 Kings 11:23 et seq.).

The chapter-heading of Psalm 60 in the New King James Version refers to Zobah.^[3] In the Revised Standard Version and the New American Bible (Revised Edition), the reference is to Aram-Zobah.^[4][5]

In Mesopotamian sources

After the 10th century BCE, Zobah is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, but the city of Subiti, which is mentioned in the annals of Ashurbanipal as having been conquered by him in the 7th century BCE, is probably identical with it (compare Schrader, "K. B." ii. 217).^{[citation needed]} The same city is mentioned in some broken cuneiform lists of towns in connection with Hama and Damascus.^{[citation needed]}

Medieval Rabbinical sources

From the 11th century, it was common Rabbinic usage to apply the term "Aram-Zobah" to the area of Aleppo, and this is perpetuated by Syrian Jews to this day.^[6] However, Saadia Gaon (882‒942 CE), in his Judeo-Arabic translation (tafsīr) of the Psalms identified Aram-zobah with Nisibis.^[7]

Identification attempts

Based on the biblical narrative, primarily from the Books of Kings and 2 Samuel, Berothai, a city belonging to Hadadezer (2 Sam. 8:8) is identified by many with Berothah (Ezekiel 47:16), which was between Hamath and Damascus.^{[citation needed]} Zobah was probably located near this city, though Joseph Halévy claims to have identified Zobah with Chalcis.^{[citation needed]} On the later view, the area in question would be found in the far north of Syria and parts of Turkey.^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]}

Some sources indicate that Zobah city is the modern city of Homs in Syria,^[8] or Anjar in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley.^[9] In later Assyrian documents it may have been named a provincial center derived from the recently incorporated city of Damascus, which might be Deir Khabiyah west of Al-Kiswah.^{[10][dubious – discuss]}

According to Edward Lipiński, the location of the capital city of Ṣoba corresponds to the present archaeological site of Tell Deir in the Beqaa Valley of modern-day Lebanon.^[11] Gaby Abousamra connects the biblical city with the modern-day village of Zabbud, also in Lebanon.^[12]

See also

• Aleppo Codex, Hebrew Bible manuscript called in Hebrew "Keter Aram-Zoba", meaning "Crown of Aleppo"
• Aram-Damascus, another Iron Age Aramean kingdom
• Hamath-zobah, biblical city
• Homs, city in Syria

References

1. Kirkpatrick, A. F., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 14, accessed 26 July 2019
2. Abousamra 2019, pp. 234–236, 240.
3. Psalm 60: NKJV
4. Psalm 60: RSV
5. Psalm 60: NABRE
6. World Center for Aleppo (Halab) Jews Traditional Culture, המרכז העולמי למורשת יהדות ארם-צובא (הלב).
7. The Book of Psalms (with Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Translation and Commentary), editor: Yosef Qafih, Machon Moshe: 2nd edition, Jerusalem 2010, s.v. Psalm 60:2.
8. Porter 1868, p. 308.
9. كتاب صوبا - تاريخ وطن وحياة قرية (in Arabic)
10. مملكة آرام حماة (in Arabic)
11. Lipiński 2000, p. 327.
12. Abousamra 2019, p. 238.

Bibliography

• Abousamra, Gaby (2019). "Biblical Ṣobah: A Location Attempt". In Dušek, Jan; Mynářová, Jana (eds.). Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-39853-5.
• Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 100. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-9-042-90859-8.
• Schrader, K. B. ii. 121 et seq;
• Delitzsch, Wo Lag das Paradies? pp. 279 et seq.
• Porter, Josias Leslie (1868). Giant Cities of Bashan; and Syria's Holy Places. T. Nelson and Sons.

External links

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Aram-zobah". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.