Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson

Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson (French pronunciation: [an lwi ʒiʁɔdɛ də ʁusi tʁijozɔ̃]; or de Roucy), also known as Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson or simply Girodet (29 January 1767 – 9 December 1824),^[1] was a French painter and pupil of Jacques-Louis David, who participated in the early Romantic movement by including elements of eroticism in his paintings. Girodet is remembered for his precise and clear style and for his paintings of members of the Napoleonic family.

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson
Self-portrait, 1790, Hermitage Museum
Born	Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson (1767-01-29)29 January 1767 Montargis, Orléanais, France
Died	9 December 1824(1824-12-09) (aged 57) Paris, France
Resting place	Père Lachaise Cemetery
Known for	Painting
Notable work	Ossian receiving the ghosts of the fallen French Heroes, 1801; The Funeral of Atala, 1808; Portrait de Chateaubriand méditant sur les ruines de Rome, after 1808
Movement	Classicism, Romanticism

Early career

Girodet was born at Montargis. Both of his parents died when he was a young adult. The care of his inheritance and education fell to his guardian, a prominent physician named Benoît-François Trioson, "médecin-de-mesdames", who later adopted him. The two men remained close throughout their lives and Girodet took the surname Trioson in 1812.^[1] In school he first studied architecture and pursued a military career.^[2] He changed to the study of painting under a teacher named Luquin and then entered the school of Jacques-Louis David. At the age of 22 he successfully competed for the Prix de Rome with a painting of the Story of Joseph and his Brethren.^[2][3] From 1789 to 1793 he lived in Italy and while in Rome he painted his Hippocrate refusant les presents d'Artaxerxes and Endymion-dormant (now in the Louvre), a work which gained him great acclaim at the Salon of 1793 and secured his reputation as a leading painter in the French school.

Scene from a Deluge (Une scène de déluge), 1806, Louvre, Paris

The Sleep of Endymion (Le Sommeil d'Endymion or Effet de lune), 1791, Louvre

Once he returned to France, Girodet painted many portraits, including some of members of the Bonaparte family. In 1806, in competition with the Sabines of David, he exhibited his Scène de déluge (Louvre), which was awarded the decennial prize.^[1] In 1808 he produced the Reddition de Vienne and Atala au tombeau, a work which won immense popularity, by its fortunate choice of subject – François-René de Chateaubriand's novel Atala, first published in 1801 – and its remarkable departure from the theatricality of Girodet's usual manner. He would return to his theatrical style in La Révolte du Caire (1810).^[4]

Later life

Self-portrait from 1824, Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans

The Funeral of Atala (Funérailles d'Atala or Atala au tombeau), 1808, Louvre

Girodet was a member of the Academy of Painting and of the Institut de France, a knight of the Order of Saint Michael, and officer of the Legion of Honour.^[1] Among his pupils were Hyacinthe Aubry-Lecomte, Augustin Van den Berghe the Younger, François Edouard Bertin, Angélique Bouillet, Alexandre-Marie Colin, Marie Philippe Coupin de la Couperie, Henri Decaisne, Paul-Emile Destouches, Achille Devéria, Eugène Devéria, Savinien Edme Dubourjal, Joseph Ferdinand Lancrenon, Antonin Marie Moine, Jean Jacques François Monanteuil, Henry Bonaventure Monnier, Rosalie Renaudin, Johann Heinrich Richter, François Edme Ricois, Joseph Nicolas Robert-Fleury, and Philippe Jacques Van Brée.^[5]

In his forties his powers began to fail, and his habit of working at night and other excesses weakened his constitution. In the Salon of 1812 he exhibited only a Tête de Vierge; in 1819 Pygmalion et Galatée showed a further decline of strength. In 1824, the year in which he produced his portraits of Cathelineau and Bonchamps, Girodet died on December 9 in Paris.^[4] At a sale of his effects after his death, some of his drawings realized enormous prices.^[1]

Tomb at Père Lachaise

Posthumously published work

Bust of the painter (1827) by Jean-Baptiste Roman, Louvre

Girodet produced a vast quantity of illustrations, amongst which may be cited those for the Didot editions of the works of Virgil (1798) and Racine (1801–1805). Fifty-four of his designs for the works of the ancient Greek poet Anacreon were engraved by M.  Châtillon. Girodet used much of his time on literary composition. His poem Le Peintre (rather a string of commonplaces), together with poor imitations of classical poets, and essays on Le Génie and La Grâce, were published posthumously in 1829, with a biographical notice by his friend Coupin de la Couperie. Delecluze, in his Louis David et son temps, has also a brief life of Girodet.^[4][1]

Girodet: Romantic Rebel at the Art Institute of Chicago (2006) was the first retrospective in the United States devoted to the works of Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. The exhibition assembled more than 100 seminal works (about 60 paintings and 40 drawings) that demonstrated the artist's range as a painter as well as a draftsman.^[6]

Analysis of the works

Girodet was trained in the neoclassical style of his teacher, Jacques-Louis David, seen in his treatment of the male nude body and his reference to models from the Renaissance and Classical antiquity. However, he also deviated from this style in several ways. The peculiarities which mark Girodet's position as the herald of the romantic movement are already evident in his Sleep of Endymion (1791, also called Effet de lune or "effect of the Moon").^[4] Although the subject matter and pose are inspired by classical precedents, Girodet's diffuse lighting is more theatrical and atmospheric. The androgynous depiction of the sleeping shepherd Endymion is also noteworthy.^[7] These early romantic effects were even more notable in his Ossian, exhibited in 1802. Girodet portrayed recently killed Napoleonic soldiers being welcomed into Valhalla by the fictional bard Ossian. The painting is striking for its inclusion of phosphorescent meteors, vaporous luminosity, and spectral protagonists.^[8]

The same coupling of classic and romantic elements marks Girodet's Danae (1799) and his Quatre Saisons, executed for the king of Spain (repeated for Compiègne), and shows itself to a ludicrous extent in his Fingal (Leuchtenberg collection, St. Petersburg), executed for Napoleon in 1802. Girodet can be seen here combining aspects of his classical training and traditional education with new literary trends, popular scientific spectacles, and a consummate interest in the strange and the bizarre. In this way his work announces the rise of a romantic aesthetic which prizes individuality, expression, and imagination over an adherence to classical academic precedents.

Gallery

• 
  Brutus condemns his sons to death (Brutus condamne ses fils à mort), 1785
• 
  The Oath of the Horatii (Le Serment des Horaces, copy after David's original), 1786, Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio
• 
  The Death of Tatius (La mort de Tatius), 1788, Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers
• 
  Joseph recognized by his brothers (Joseph reconnu par ses frères), 1789, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris
• 
  Portrait of a Youth (Portrait d'une jeunesse), c. 1795, Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts
• 
  Portrait of Giuseppe Fravega (ministre of the Ligurian Republic in Paris), 1796, Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille
• 
  Benoît-Agnès Trioson regardant des figures dans un livre, 1797, Musée Girodet, Montargis
• 
  Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley, Deputy for Saint-Domingue, 1797, Palace of Versailles
• 
  M^lle Lange as Venus, 1798, Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig
• 
  Portrait of Mlle. Lange as Danae, 1799, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minnesota
• 
  The Meeting of Orestes and Hermione, c. 1800
• 
  Benoît-Agnes Trioson, 1800, Louvre, Paris
• 
  Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes, c. 1801, Château de Malmaison
• 
  Napoleon Bonaparte, Premier Consul, Palais de l'Elysée
• 
  Portrait of Dominique-Jean Larrey (military surgeon in Napoleon's army), 1804, Louvre
• 
  Portrait of the Katchef Dahouth, Christian Mameluke, 1804, Art Institute of Chicago
• 
  Charles Marie Bonaparte
  (father of Napoléon Bonaparte), 1806
• 
  Study for Portrait of an Indian, c. 1807, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
• 
  Madame Erneste Bioche de Misery, 1807, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
• 
  Portrait of Chateaubriand, 1809, Musée d'Histoire de la Ville et du Pays Malouin, Saint-Malo
• 
  Portrait of Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland, wife of King Louis Napoleon, c. 1809, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
• 
  Sketch for The Revolt at Cairo, c. 1809, Cleveland Museum of Art
• 
  The Revolt of Cairo, oil and Indian ink on paper, c. 1810, Art Institute of Chicago
• 
  Révolte du Caire, 21 octobre 1798, 1810
• 
  Portrait of Charles-Louis Balzac, 1811, Dallas Museum of Art
• 
  Napoleon I in Coronation Robes (Napoléon en costume impérial), c. 1812, Bowes Museum, England
• 
  Portrait of Prosper de Barante, 1814, Musée d'art Roger-Quilliot, Clermont-Ferrand
• 
  Allegory of Victory, c. 1815, Château de Compiègne
• 
  Aurora, c. 1815, Château de Compiègne
• 
  Minerva between Apollo and Mercury, c. 1815, Château de Compiègne
• 
  Jacques Cathelineau, généralissime vendéen, 1816, Musée d'art et d'histoire de Cholet
• 
  Charles-Melchior Arthus, Marquis de Bonchamps, 1816, Musée d'art et d'histoire de Cholet
• 
  Pygmalion et Galatée, 1819, Château de Dampierre
• 
  Head of a Woman in a Turban, c. 1820, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
• 
  Portrait de Madame Reizet assise, 1820
• 
  Portrait of Madame Reiset, 1823, Metropolitan Museum of Art
• 
  Portrait of Jacques-Joseph de Cathelineau (1787–1832), son of the généralissime
• 
  Capaneus, Leader of The Seven against Thebes (Tête du Blasphémateur), study for Les sept chefs devant Thèbes, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm
• 
  Undated portrait of François-René de Chateaubriand
• 
  Portrait du Docteur Trioson donnant une leçon de géographie à son fils, undated, Musée Girodet, Montargis
• 
  Portrait of Joachim Murat (?), Hermitage Museum

See also

• List of Orientalist artists

References

1. Long, George. (1851) The Supplement to the Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, C. Knight.
2. Polet, Jean-Claude. (1992) Patrimoine littéraire européen, De Boeck Université. 730 pages. ISBN 2-8041-1526-7.
3. Heck, Johann Georg. (1860) Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, D. Appleton and company.
4.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Girodet de Roussy, Anne Louis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
5. Anne Louis Girodet-Trioson in the RKD
6. "Girodet: Romantic Rebel". Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
7. Smalls, James (1996). "Making Trouble for Art History: The Queer Case of Girodet". Art Journal. 55 (4): 20–27. doi:10.2307/777650. JSTOR 777650.
8. O'Rourke, Stephanie (2018). "Girodet's Galvanized Bodies". Art History. 41 (5): 868–893. doi:10.1111/1467-8365.12401. hdl:10023/21061. S2CID 192721947.

Further reading

• French painting 1774-1830: the Age of Revolution. New York; Detroit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; The Detroit Institute of Arts. 1975. (see index)

External links

• Miscellaneous works (Art Renewal Center)
• Three portraits by Girodet (Insecula encyclopedia)
• Works of Girodet at http://www.the-athenaeum.org