Amilcare Cipriani

Amilcare Cipriani (October 18, 1844 in Anzio – April 30, 1918 in Paris)^[1] was an Italian socialist, anarchist and patriot.

Amilcare Cipriani
Born	(1844-10-18)October 18, 1844 Anzio, Italy
Died	April 30, 1918(1918-04-30) (aged 73) Paris, France
Nationality	Italian

Cipriani was born in Anzio in a family that was originally from Rimini. In June 1859, at the age of 15, he fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi alongside Piedmontese troops at the Battle of Solferino during the Second Italian War of Independence. In 1860, he deserted to join Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand in Sicily; it conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was then ruled by the Bourbons.^[1]

Reinserted in the ranks of the regular army after an amnesty, he defected again to rejoin Garibaldi in the 1862 expedition to Rome with the intent of liberating the city and annexing it to the Kingdom of Italy. However, the Royal Italian Army defeated Garibaldi's army of volunteers at the Battle of Aspromonte (August 29, 1862). Garibaldi was wounded and taken prisoner. Cipriani escaped capture but was forced to flee abroad and found refuge in Greece.^[1]

Cipriani participated in a demonstration leading to the expulsion of Otto of Greece in 1862.^[2] After joining the First International in 1867, Cipriani participated in the defence of the Paris Commune in 1871 for which he was condemned to death but was instead exiled to the French penal colony of New Caledonia along with 7,000 others.^[3][4]

After the 1879 amnesty, Cipriani returned to France in 1880 but was quickly expelled.^[5] Arrested in Italy in January 1881 for "conspiracies", he served 7 years of a 20-year sentence before a popular campaign secured his release in 1888.^[6] At the Zürich Congress of the Second International in 1893, Cipriani resigned his mandate in solidarity with Rosa Luxemburg and the anarchists who were excluded from the proceedings.^[7]

In 1897, he volunteered in the Garibaldi Legion and went with Garibaldi's son, Ricciotti Garibaldi, and the former leaders of the Fasci Siciliani, Nicola Barbato and Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida, to Greece to fight during the Greco-Turkish War and sustained wounds before being re-imprisoned in Italy for a further three years on July 30, 1898.^[8]

He was elected as a deputy to the Italian Chamber of Deputies and subsequently re-elected eight times^[4] but never claimed his seat because he refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the King. In 1891, he was among the delegates to the Capolago Congress in Switzerland that established the short-lived Socialist Revolutionary Anarchist Party. He supported Peter Kropotkin's view of First World War.^[9]

He wrote for Le Plébéien and other anarchist periodicals and died in a Paris hospital on April 30, 1918, at the age of 73.^[1][4] His writings were banned as subversive literature in Italy in 1911.^[10]

The parents of the future fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) gave their son the middle name "Amilcare" in honour of Cipriani, along with fellow Italian socialist Andrea Costa.^[11]

See also

• Anarchism portal

• Anarchism and nationalism

References

1. (in Italian) Cipriani, Amilcare, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 25 (1981)
2. Καραδήμας,Ευάγγελος (2006, Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων), Σοσιαλιστική σκέψη και σοσιαλιστικές κινήσεις των φοιτητών των αθηναϊκών ανωτάτων εκπαιδευτικών ιδρυμάτων (1875-1922) page 57
3. Cobban, Alfred (1965). A History of Modern France. Vol 3: 1871–1962. London: Penguin Books. p. 23.
4. Noted Revolutionist Dead; Amilcare Cipriani Was Often Elected, but Never Sat in Italian Chamber, The New York Times, May 29, 1918
5. Acciai, Enrico (29 November 2020). "Becoming radicals". Garibaldi's Radical Legacy: Traditions of War Volunteering in Southern Europe (1861–1945). Volume 84 of Routledge Studies in Modern European History. Translated by Weavil, Victoria. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 65. ISBN 9780429816062. Retrieved 2 March 2023. In the summer of 1880, although Cipriani was still imprisoned in New Caledonia, the Ministry of the Interior asked the sub-prefect of Rimini for information about the veteran and his family. [...] A few months later, on 9 November 1880, more than 10,000 people crowded outside Saint-Lazare Station on Paris. The crowd had rallied together to welcome Louise Michel [...] along with another group of comrades who had recently been given amnesty. Among those who returned was Amilcare Cipriani, who was promptly expelled from France.
6. A Distinguished Cutthroat, The New York Times, September 7, 1888
7. Joll, James (1974). The Second International, 1889–1914. Lincoln. p. 72. ISBN 0-7100-7966-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
8. Donna Gabaccia; Fraser M. Ottanelli (2000). Italy's Many Diasporas: Elites, Exiles and Workers of the World. UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-582-4.
9. Anarchism 1914-18: Internationalism, Anti-Militarism and War, edited by Matthew S. Adams, Ruth Kinna
10. Goldstein, Robert (2000). The War for the Public Mind. New York: Praeger. p. 112. ISBN 0-275-96461-2.
11. Farrell, Nicholas (2005). Mussolini: a New Life. London: Phoenix Press. p. 10. ISBN 1-84212-123-5.