Ames process

This article is about the purification of metals. For the test of chemicals for mutagenicity, see Ames test.

The Ames process is a process by which pure uranium metal is obtained.^[1] It can be achieved by mixing any of the uranium halides (commonly uranium tetrafluoride) with magnesium metal powder or aluminium metal powder.

History

The Ames process was used on August 3, 1942, by a group of chemists led by Frank Spedding and Harley Wilhelm at the Ames Laboratory as part of the Manhattan Project.^[2] It is a type of thermite-based purification, which was patented in 1895 by German chemist Hans Goldschmidt.^[3] Development of the Ames process came at a time of increased research into mass uranium-metal production. The desire for increased production was motivated by a fear of Nazi Germany's developing nuclear weapons before the Allies. The process originally involved mixing powdered uranium tetrafluoride and powdered magnesium together. This mixture was placed inside an iron pipe that was welded shut on one side and capped shut on another side. This container, called a "bomb" by Spedding, was placed into a furnace.^{[Note 1]} When heated to a temperature of 1,500 °C (2,730 °F), the contents of the container reacted violently, leaving a 35-gram ingot of pure uranium metal. The process was quickly scaled up; by October 1942 the "Ames Project" was producing metal at a rate of 100 pounds (45 kg) per week. The uranium tetrafluoride and magnesium were sealed in a refractory-lined reactor vessel, still referred to as a "bomb". The thermite reaction was initiated by furnace heating the assembly to 600 °C (1,112 °F); the large difference in density between slag and metal allowed complete separation in the liquid state, yielding slag-free metal.^[4] By July 1943, the production rate exceeded 130,000 pounds (59,000 kg) of uranium metal per month. Approximately 1000 tons of uranium ingots were produced at Ames before the process was transferred to industry.^[5]

The Ames project received the Army-Navy "E" Award for Excellence in Production on October 12, 1945, signifying 2.5 years of excellence in industrial production of metallic uranium as a vital war material. Iowa State University is unique among educational institutions to have received this award for outstanding service, an honor normally given to industry.^{[citation needed]}

Uranium refining at Ames

• 
  A "bomb" (pressure vessel) containing uranium halide and sacrificial metal, probably magnesium, being lowered into a furnace
• 
  After the reaction, remnant slag coats the interior of a bomb.
• 
  A uranium metal "biscuit" from the reduction reaction

Ames process for rare-earth metals

The metallothermic reduction of anhydrous rare-earth fluorides to rare-earth metals is also referred to as the Ames process.^[6]

The study of rare earths was also advanced during World War II: synthetic plutonium was believed to be rare-earth-like, and it was assumed that knowledge of rare earths would assist in planning for and the study of transuranic elements; ion-exchange methods developed for actinide processing were forerunners to processing methods for rare-earth oxides; methods used for uranium were modified for plutonium, which were subsequently the basis for rare-earth metal preparation.^[7][8]

References

1. "Ames Laboratory and Uranium Production in World War II". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
2. Frank H. Spedding, Harley A. Wilhelm, and Wayne H. Keller, "Production of uranium", U.S. Patent no. 2,830,894 (filed: 7 Nov. 1947; issued: 15 April 1958).
3. H. Goldschmidt, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben" (Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same), Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317 (13 March 1895).
4. The Metal Thorium, Proceedings of the Conference on Thorium, Oct 11, 1956, American Society for Metals & US Atomic Energy Commission, H. Wilhem, Editor, 1958.
5. 1972–1973 Ames Laboratory Highlights, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, ERDA 0575.
6. Huffine, C.; Williams, J. (1959-11-01). Refining and purification of rare-earth metals (Report). pp. AECU––4426, 4213369. doi:10.2172/4213369. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
7. A. H. Danne, Chapter 8: Metallothermic Preparation of Rare Earth Metals, The Rare Earths, F. H. Spedding & A. H. Daane (ed), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1961.
8. "DOE Pulse". web.ornl.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-08.

Notes

1. In laboratory jargon, pressure vessels, such as steel autoclaves and gas cylinders, are commonly called "bombs".

External links

• Ames Laboratory. "The Ames Process for Rare Earth Metals". Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-02-26.