Alviniconcha is a genus of deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Paskentanidae.[1] These snails are part of the fauna of the hydrothermal vents in the Indian and Western Pacific Ocean.[2] These and another genus and species within the same family (Ifremeria nautilei) are the only known currently existing animals whose nutrition is derived from an endosymbiotic relationship with a member of bacteria from phylum Campylobacterota (formerly Epsilonproteobacteria) and Gammaproteobacteria, occurring as endosymbionts within the vacuoles of Alviniconcha ctenidia (or molluscan gills).[3] All species of Alviniconcha are thought to be foundational species found near hydrothermal venting fluid supplying their bacterial endosymbionts with vent derived compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. These snails can withstand large variations in temperature (5–33 °C (41–91 °F)),[4] pH, and chemical compositions.
Quick Facts Scientific classification, Type species ...
| Alviniconcha |
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| Two preserved specimens of Alviniconcha hessleri |
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Scientific classification  |
| Domain: |
Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Mollusca |
| Class: |
Gastropoda |
| Subclass: |
Caenogastropoda |
| Family: |
Paskentanidae |
| Subfamily: |
Alviniconchinae |
| Genus: |
Alviniconcha
Okutani & Ohta, 1988 |
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| Type species |
Alviniconcha hessleri
Okutani & Ohta, 1988 |
| Species[1] |
- Alviniconcha adamantis S. B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, T. F. Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha boucheti S. B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, T. F. Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha hessleri Okutani & Ohta, 1988
- Alviniconcha kojimai S. B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, T. F. Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha marisindica Okutani, 2014
- Alviniconcha strummeri S. B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, T. F. Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
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The size of the shell varies between 20 mm (0.79 in) up to 60 mm (2.4 in) in height. The surface of the shell is studded with hairs on the periostracum, which ranges from a yellow/green to brown coloring. However, this thin periostracum is often missing or degraded due to high temperatures and chemical reductants found in nearby venting fluid. While Alviniconcha has been considered cryptic for many years, morphoanatomy studies on A. boucheti, A. kojimai, and A. strummeri have found distinguishing characteristics of the shell and head-foot regions.[5] These three species are the only ones known to cohabitate vent fields, all other species are found in isolated basins in the NW Pacific and Indian Oceans. Morphoanatomy has not been studied for A. adamants, A. hessleri, or A. marisindica, thus shell variation or morphology does not yet correspond to individual species.[2]
Knowledge gaps remain in the life history of Alviniconcha, however adult shell anatomy resembles planktotrophic development.[4] Unlike the sister genus Ifremeria whose development includes a novel "Waren's" larval form, held within a brood pouch (absent in Alviniconcha).[6]
Until 2014, Alviniconcha consisted solely of the species Alviniconcha hessleri, described in 1988. In 2014, increased recognition of genetic differences between populations resulted in the formal description of five cryptic species within the former A. hessleri that were believed to be morphologically indistinguishable from each other but that have consistent differences in mitochondrial DNA sequences.[2] New research also suggests distributions of Alviniconcha in the SW Pacific are linked to geochemical gradients and endosymbiont chemical requirements.[7]
Species within the genus Alviniconcha include:
- Alviniconcha adamantis - found in the relatively shallow seamounts (less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft)) of the Mariana's Arc and hypothesized to be the ancestor of all other extant Alviniconcha species. Hosts gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts.[8] S.B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha boucheti - found in hydrothermal vents in the Manus, Fiji, and Lau basins ranging from 1,300 to 2,700 m (4,300 to 8,900 ft) in depth. Hosts epsilon-proteobacterial endosymbionts. Named after deep sea gastropod scientist Philippe Bouchet. S.B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha hessleri - first Alviniconcha species to be described. Found at hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Trough at depths greater than 1,400 m (4,600 ft). Hosts gamma-proteobacterial endosymbionts. Most closely related to A. kojimai. Okutani & Ohta, 1988
- Alviniconcha kojimai - found at hydrothermal vents of the Manus, Fiji, and Lau Basins ranging from 1,480 to 2,700 m (4,860 to 8,860 ft) in depth. Hosts both epsilon- and gamma-proteobacterial endosymbionts. S.B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
- Alviniconcha marisindica - only Alviniconcha species found in the Indian Ocean, named by T. Okutani for the latin name for Indian Sea. Found specifically at vent sites on the Central Indian Ridge ranging from 2,400 to 330 m (7,870 to 1,080 ft) in depth. Hosts epsilon-proteobacterial endosymbionts. Okutani, 2014
- Alviniconcha strummeri - named after punk musician Joe Strummer of The Clash.[9] Only found in the Southern Lau Basin, specifically at the Tui Mall vents sites at a depth of 1,850 m (6,070 ft). Hosts both gamma- and epsilon- proteobacterial endosymbionts. S.B. Johnson, Warén, Tunnicliffe, Van Dover, Wheat, Schultz & Vrijenhoek, 2014
Yohey Suzuki, Takenori Sasaki, Masae Suzuki, Yuichi Nogi, Tetsuya Miwa, Ken Takai, Kenneth H. Nealson & Koki Horikoshi (September 2005) "Novel Chemoautotrophic Endosymbiosis between a Member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and the Hydrothermal-Vent Gastropod Alviniconcha aff. hessleri (Gastropoda: Provannidae) from the Indian Ocean". Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(9): 5440-5450. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5440-5450.2005 Reynolds, Kyle C; Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama; Strong, Ellen; Sasaki, Takenori; Uematsu, Katsyuki; Miyake, Hiroshi; Kojima, Shigeaki; Suzuki, Yohey; Fujikura, Katsunori; Kim, Stacy; Young, Craig M (August 2010). "New Molluscan Larval Form: Brooding and Development in a Hydrothermal Vent Gastropod, Ifremeria nautili (Provannidae)". Biological Bulletin. 219 (1): 7–11. doi:10.1086/BBLv219n1p7. PMID 20813984. S2CID 34778665. Beinart, Roxanne A.; Sanders, Jon G.; Faure, Baptiste; Sylva, Sean P.; Lee, Raymond W.; Becker, Erin L.; Gartman, Amy; Luther III, George W.; Seewald, Jeffrey S.; Fisher, Charles R.; Girguis, Peter R. (November 2012). "Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 109 (47): E3241-50. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202690109. PMC 3511114. PMID 23091033.
- Healy, J.M. 1992, Dimorphic spermatozoa of the hydrothermal vent prosobranch Alviniconcha hessleri: systematic importance and comparison with other caenogastropods; Bull. Mus. Natl. His. Nat. Paris 4 sér A 14: 273-291
- Desbruyères, D., M. Segonzac & M. Bright (eds.). 2006. Handbook of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna. Second Edition Denisia 18:1-544. (Copepods 316-355)(Polychaeta 183-296)
