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Aluminium phosphide
Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Aluminium phosphide is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlP, used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder or pellet due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation.
It is used by farmers, pest controllers, gamekeepers and estate managers as a fumigant pesticide.
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Properties
AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a zincblende crystal structure[2] with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K.[3] They are thermodynamically stable up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F).[4]
Aluminium phosphide reacts vigorously with water or acids to release phosphine.[5] The phosphine is the basis of the toxicity of AlP.
Preparation
AlP is synthesized by combination of the elements:[4][6]
- 4 Al + P4 → 4 AlP
Uses
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Pesticide
AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia and carbon dioxide (e.g. ammonium carbamate), which help to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.[7]
AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide. In this application, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. PestPhos, Quickphos, Celphos, Fostox, Fumitoxin, Phostek, Phostoxin, Talunex, Fieldphos, PH3, and Weevil-Cide. It generates phosphine gas according to the following hydrolysis equation:[6]
AlP + 3 H2O → Al(OH)3 + PH3
It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such as in ships, aircraft, and grain silos. All of these structures can be effectively sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes. Fumigants are also applied directly to rodent burrows.[8]
Semiconductor applications
Industrially, AlP is a semiconductor material that is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes (e.g. aluminium gallium indium phosphide).[9]
Toxicology
Highly poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.[10] Fumigation has also caused unintentional deaths.[11][12][13][14] Known as "rice tablet" in Iran, for its use to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. There is a campaign by the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.[15][16]
Recycling of used aluminium phosphide containers caused the death of three family members in Alcalá de Guadaira, Spain. They had been keeping them in plastic sacks in their bathroom. The deaths occurred accidentally due to aluminium phosphide reacting with water or moisture, and becoming phosphine, leading to their death within hours.[17]
Aluminium phosphide poisoning is considered a wide-scale problem in the Indian subcontinent.[18][19]
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Manufacturers
It is manufactured by UPL Corporation globally, Intech Organics in India, Scimplify in the USA and others.
Regulation
In the UK, a license and "appropriate training" are required to purchase it.[20] As of 2010, it was still available over the counter in India though "stricter norms" according to one author had been adopted.[21]
In the EU, it is an approved pesticide. The expiration of the approval was postponed twice, the last time on November 13, 2025.[22]
References
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