Alexander George Ogston

Alexander George Ogston FAA FRS^[1] (30 January 1911 – 29 June 1996) was a British biochemist who specialised in the thermodynamics of biological systems.^[2] He was a grandson of Sir Alexander Ogston, a Scottish surgeon who discovered Staphylococcus.^[2]

Alexander George Ogston
Born	(1911-01-30)30 January 1911 Bombay, British India
Died	29 June 1996(1996-06-29) (aged 85)
Known for	Three-point attachment theory
Spouse	Elizabeth Wicksteed
Awards	Fellow of the Royal Society Davy Medal (1986) Lemberg Medal (1970)
Scientific career
Fields	Biochemistry
Institutions	Australian National University University of Oxford
Doctoral advisor	Ronald Percy Bell

Life

Ogston was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Apart from a period as Freedom Research Fellow at the London Hospital, he spent most of his career at Oxford, being appointed Demonstrator (1938) and Reader (1955) in Biochemistry, and Fellow and Tutor in Physical Chemistry at Balliol (1937). In that capacity he had a major influence on other distinguished scientists, such as the Nobel prizewinner Oliver Smithies, who wrote his first paper^[3] with him, and Richard Dawkins, who chose to study zoology on his recommendation.^[4] In 1959 he took up an appointment as Professor of Physical Biochemistry at the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, where he remained until 1970, when he returned to Oxford as President of Trinity College. On his retirement in 1978, he held visiting fellowships at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU. Ogston was elected FRS in 1955,^[1] and was awarded Lemberg Medal in 1970^[5] and the Davy Medal in 1986.

Research

Ogston studied potentiometric titration of amino acids in non-aqueous solvents.^[6] He was particularly interested in sinovial fluid,^[7] and fibrous proteins.^[8] More generally, he worked on the use of physico-chemical methods to study the size, weight and structure of molecules, such as ultracentrifugation,^[9] which he applied to insulin, for example,^[10] and electrophoresis.^[11] In this context he made many improvement to equipment used for studying the physical chemistry of proteins. For example, he devised a novel type of apparatus for measuring viscosity.^[12] He made many studies of enzymes such as peroxidase^[13] and creatine phosphotransferase.^[14] He contributed to the general field of enzyme kinetics by studying activation and inhibition.^[15]

He made a sceptical study^[16] of the suggestions of a repetitive structure of proteins made by Bergmann and Niemann^[17] and by Wrinch^[18] that were widely discussed in the 1940s.

Prochirality and three-point attachment

The concept of prochirality is necessary for understanding some aspects of enzyme stereospecificity. Ogston^[19] pointed out that when a symmetrical molecule is placed in an asymmetric environment, such as the surface of an enzyme, supposedly identically placed groups become distinguishable. In this way he showed that earlier exclusion of non-chiral citrate as a possible intermediate in the tricarboxylate cycle was mistaken.

A coffee mug with one handle is an everyday example of a prochiral object. If it is placed in an achiral corrosive liquid, such as a concentrated acid, then the left and right-hand sides will be corroded equally because there is nothing to distinguish them. However, if the mug is held in a person's right hand it is easy to drink out of the left-hand side but difficult to drink out of the right-hand side. In other words, an achiral environment such as an acid cannot distinguish between the two sides of a prochiral, but a chiral object like a person can. Thus a chiral enzyme such as aconitase^[20] can act differently on two apparently equivalent groups on a prochiral molecule, so citrate can be an intermediate in the tricarboxylate cycle.

References

1. Smithies, O. (1999). "Alexander George Ogston. 30 January 1911 – 29 June 1996: Elected F.R.S. 1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 45: 349. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0024. JSTOR 770281. S2CID 46013797.
2. Smithies, O. "Alexander George Ogston, 1911–1996". Biographical memoirs. Australian Academy of Science. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
3. Ogston, A. G.; Smithies, O. (1948). "Some Thermodynamic And Kinetic Aspects Of Metabolic Phosphorylation". Physiol. Rev. 28 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1152/physrev.1948.28.3.283. PMID 18874569.
4. Dawkins, Richard (2014). An Appetite for Wonder. London: Black Swan. p. 153. ISBN 978-0552779050.
5. "Lemberg Medal Winners". Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
6. Ogston, A. G.; Brown, J. F. (1935). "The potentiometric titration of non-aqueous solution applied to amino acids". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 31: 574. doi:10.1039/tf9353100574.
7. Blumberg, B. S.; Ogston, A. G. (1957). "The effects of proteolytic enzymes on the hyaluronic acid complex of ox synovial fluid". Biochemical Journal. 66 (2): 342–346. doi:10.1042/bj0660342. PMC 1200015. PMID 13445695.
8. Ogston, A. G. (1958). "The spaces in a uniform random suspension of fibres". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 54: 1754. doi:10.1039/tf9585401754.
9. Johnston, J. P.; Ogston, A. G. (1946). "A boundary anomaly found in the ultracentrifugal sedimentation of mixtures". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 42: 789. doi:10.1039/tf9464200789.
10. Gutfreund, H.; Ogston, A. G. (1946). "The sedimentation constant of insulin". Biochemical Journal. 40 (3): 432–434. doi:10.1042/bj0400432. PMC 1258368. PMID 16748028.
11. Ogston, A. G. (1946). "Spreading of Boundaries in Electrophoresis". Nature. 157 (3981): 193. Bibcode:1946Natur.157..193O. doi:10.1038/157193a0. PMID 21015126. S2CID 4126734.
12. Ogston, A. G.; Stanier, J. E. (1953). "A Couette viscosimeter". Biochemical Journal. 53 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1042/bj0530004. PMC 1198090. PMID 13032021.
13. Keilin, D.; Hartree, E. F. (1951). "Purification of horse-radish peroxidase and comparison of its properties with those of catalase and methaemoglobin". Biochemical Journal. 49 (1): 88–106. doi:10.1042/bj0490088. PMC 1197462. PMID 14848036.
14. Morrison, J.F.; O'Sullivan, W.J.; Ogston, A.G. (1961). "Kinetic studies of the activation of creatine phosphoryltransferase by magnesium". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 52: 82–96. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90906-4. PMID 14476297.
15. Ogston, A G (1955). "Activation and inhibition of enzymes". Discuss. Faraday Soc. 20 (20): 161–167. doi:10.1039/df9552000161.
16. Ogston, A. G. (1945). "On the numerical consequences of certain hypotheses of protein structure". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 41: 670. doi:10.1039/tf9454100670.
17. Bergmann, M; Niemann, C (1937). "On the structure of proteins: Cattle hemoglobin, egg albumin, cattle fibrin, and gelatin". J. Biol. Chem. 113 (1): 301–304. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74540-7.
18. Wrinch, D M (1936). "Structure of Proteins and of Certain Physiologically Active Compounds". Nature. 138 (3493): 651–652. Bibcode:1936Natur.138..651W. doi:10.1038/138651a0. S2CID 4108696.
19. Ogston, A. G. (1948). "Interpretation of Experiments on Metabolic processes, using Isotopic Tracer Elements". Nature. 963 (4120): 963. Bibcode:1948Natur.162..963O. doi:10.1038/162963b0. PMID 18225319.
20. Ogston, A. G. (1951). "Specificity of the Enzyme Aconitase". Nature. 167 (4252): 693. Bibcode:1951Natur.167..693O. doi:10.1038/167693a0. PMID 14826923.

Academic offices
Preceded by Arthur Lionel Pugh Norrington	President of Trinity College, Oxford 1970–1978	Succeeded by Anthony Quinton