Flight airspeed record

An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI),^[1] which also ratifies any claims. Speed records are divided into a number of classes with sub-divisions. There are three classes of aircraft: landplanes, seaplanes, and amphibians, and within these classes there are records for aircraft in a number of weight categories. There are still further subdivisions for piston-engined, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket-engined aircraft. Within each of these groups, records are defined for speed over a straight course and for closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads.

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the current record-holder for a crewed airbreathing jet aircraft.

Timeline

Flight speed records over time, taken from the table below.

Gray text indicates unofficial records, including unconfirmed or unpublicized war secrets.

Date	Pilot	Airspeed			Location	Notes
		mph	km/h	Aircraft
17 December 1903	Wilbur Wright	6.82	10.98	Wright Flyer	Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, US	This figure is groundspeed, not airspeed. The Wrights' first flight covered just over 120 ft (37 m) and about 12 seconds into a gusty wind. The Wrights estimated airspeed at 31 mph (50 km/h).
5 October 1904		37.85	60.23	Wright Flyer III	Huffman Prairie, Ohio, US
12 November 1906	Alberto Santos-Dumont	25.65	41.292	Santos-Dumont 14-bis	Bagatelle Castle, Paris, France	First officially recognized airspeed record.[2][3]: 7
26 October 1907	Henry Farman	32.73	52.700	Voisin-Farman I	Issy-les-Moulineaux, France	[2][3]: 9
25 May 1909	Paul Tissandier	34.04	54.810	Wright Model A	Pau, France	[2][3]: 11
23 August 1909	Glenn Curtiss	44.367	69.821	Curtiss No. 2	Reims, France	1909 Gordon Bennett Cup.[2][4]: 37–38
24 August 1909	Louis Blériot	46.160	74.318	Blériot XI		[2][3]: 13
28 August 1909		47.823	76.995			[2][3]: 13
23 April 1910	Hubert Latham	48.186	77.579	Antoinette VII	Nice, France	[2][3]: 18
10 July 1910	Léon Morane	66.154	106.508	Blériot	Reims, France	[2][3]: 13
29 October 1910	Alfred Leblanc	68.171	109.756	Blériot XI	New York, New York, US	[2][3]: 13
12 April 1911		69.420	111.801	Blériot	Pau, France	[2][3]: 14
11 May 1911	Édouard Nieuport	73.385	119.760	Nieuport IIN	Châlons, France	[2][3]: 25
12 June 1911	Alfred Leblanc	77.640	125.000	Blériot		[2]
16 June 1911	Édouard Nieuport	80.781	130.057	Nieuport IIN	Châlons, France	[2][3]: 25
21 June 1911		82.693	133.136			[2][3]: 25
13 January 1912	Jules Védrines	87.68	145.161	Deperdussin Monocoque	Pau, France	[2][3]: 27
22 February 1912		100.18	161.290			[2][3]: 27
29 February 1912		100.90	162.454			[2][3]: 27
1 March 1912		103.62	166.821			[2][3]: 27
2 March 1912		104.29	167.910			[2][3]: 27
13 July 1912		106.07	170.777		Reims, France	[2][3]: 27
9 September 1912		108.14	174.100		Chicago, Illinois, US	[2][3]: 27
17 June 1913	Maurice Prévost	111.69	179.820		Reims, France	[2][3]: 31
27 September 1913		119.19	191.897			[2][3]: 31
29 September 1913		126.61	203.850			[2][3]: 31
1914	Norman Spratt	134.5	216.5	Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.4		Unofficial
August 1918	Roland Rohlfs	163	262.3	Curtiss Wasp		Not officially recognised.[4]: 140
1919	Joseph Sadi-Lecointe	191.1	307.5	Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V		Not officially recognised.
7 February 1920	Joseph Sadi-Lecointe	171.0	275.264	Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V	Villacoublay, France.	[5] First official record post World War 1.[2][3]: 33
28 February 1920	Jean Casale	176.1	283.464	SPAD S.20bis		[2][3]: 37 [6]
9 October 1920	Bernard de Romanet	181.8	292.682		Buc, France	[2][3]: 37 [7]
10 October 1920	Joseph Sadi-Lecointe	184.3	296.694	Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V		[2][3]: 33
20 October 1920		187.9	302.529		Villacoublay, France	[2][3]: 33
4 November 1920	Bernard de Romanet	191.9	309.012	SPAD S.XX	Buc, France	[2][8]
12 December 1920	Joseph Sadi-Lecointe	194.4	313.043	Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V	Villacoublay, France	[2][3]: 33
26 September 1921		205.2	330.275	Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan	Ville Sauvage, France	[3]: 39 [9]
13 October 1922	Billy Mitchell	222.88	358.836	Curtiss R	Detroit, Michigan, US	[2][10]
18 October 1922		224.28	360.93	Curtiss R-6	Selfridge Field, Detroit, Michigan, US	[3]: 41 [4]: 232–3 [11]
15 February 1923	Joseph Sadi-Lecointe	232.91	375.00	Nieuport-Delage NiD 42S	Istres, France	[10]
29 March 1923	1st Lt. Russell L. Maughan	236.587	380.74	Curtiss R-6	Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, US	[3]: 41 [4]: 233 [12]
2 November 1923	Lt. Harold J. Brow	259.16	417.07	Curtiss R2C-1	Mineola, New York, US	[3]: 43 [4]: 235
4 November 1923	Lt. Alford J. Williams	266.59	429.02			[3]: 43 [4]: 235 [13]
11 November 1924	Florentin Bonnet [fr]	278.37	448.171	Bernard-Ferbois V.2		[2]
4 November 1927	Mario de Bernardi	297.70	479.290	Macchi M.52 seaplane	Venice, Italy	Database ID 11828[1][2]
30 March 1928		318.620	512.776	Macchi M.52bis seaplane		Database ID 11827[1][14]
August 1929	Giuseppe Motta	362.0	582.6	Macchi M.67 seaplane		Unofficial
10 September 1929	George H. Stainforth	336.3	541.4	Gloster VI seaplane	Calshot, UK	Database ID 11829[1][15]
12 September 1929	Augustus Orlebar	357.7	575.5	Supermarine S.6 seaplane		Database ID 11830[1][16]
13 September 1931	George H. Stainforth	407.5	655.8		Lee-on-the-Solent, UK	Database ID 11831[1][17]
10 April 1933	Francesco Agello	423.6	682.078	Macchi M.C.72 seaplane	Desenzano del Garda, Italy	Database ID 11836[1][2]
23 October 1934		440.5	709.209			Database ID 4497, current piston-engined seaplane speed record.[1][2]
13 September 1935	Howard Hughes	354.4	567.12	Hughes H-1 Racer	Santa Ana, California, US	FAI Database ID 8748[18]
11 November 1937	Dr. Hermann Wurster	379.63	610.95	Messerschmitt Bf 109 V.13	Augsburg, Germany	FAI Database ID 8747[19]
30 March 1939	Hans Dieterle	466.6	746.60	Heinkel He 100 V8	Oranienburg, Germany	FAI Database ID 8744[20]
26 April 1939	Fritz Wendel	469.220	755.138	Messerschmitt Me 209 V1	Augsburg, Germany	Piston-engined record until 1969[21]
2 October 1941	Heini Dittmar	623.65	1,003.67	Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4"	Peenemünde-West, Germany	Rocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record but over the 3 km (1.9 mi) FAI distance[22]: 122 [23][24]
1944	Heinz Herlitzius	624	1,004	Messerschmitt Me 262 S2	Leipheim, Germany	World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Steep dive.[22]: 122
6 July 1944	Heini Dittmar	702	1,130	Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18"	Lagerlechfeld, Germany	Rocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Dive, details unknown.[22]: 122
7 November 1945	H. J. Wilson	606.4	975.9	Gloster Meteor F Mk.4	Herne Bay, UK	EE454 Britannia, first official record post World War II.[3]: 107 [25]
7 September 1946	Edward Mortlock Donaldson	615.78	990.79	Gloster Meteor F Mk.4	Littlehampton, UK	[25] EE530, a long-span Mk 4.[3]: 107
19 June 1947	Col. Albert Boyd	623.74	1,003.60	Lockheed P-80R Shooting Star	Muroc (Edwards AFB), California, US	[26]
20 August 1947	Cmdr. Turner Caldwell	640.663	1,031.049	Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak		First record flight to exceed secret October 1941 Me 163A V4 figure[27]
25 August 1947	Major Marion Eugene Carl USMC	650.796	1,047.356			[27]
14 October 1947	Chuck Yeager	670.0	1,078	Bell X-1 (flight #50)	Muroc, California, US	Rocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record
6 November 1947	Chuck Yeager	891.0	1,434	Bell X-1 (flight #58)	Muroc, California, US	Rocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record, first to exceed secret July 1944 Me 163B V18 record
15 September 1948	Maj. Richard L. Johnson, USF	670.84	1,079.6	North American F-86A-3 Sabre	Cleveland, Ohio, US	[2][28]
18 November 1952	J. Slade Nash	698.505	1,124.13	North American F-86D Sabre	Salton Sea, California, US	[29]
16 July 1953	William Barnes	715.745	1,151.88	North American F-86D Sabre	Salton Sea, California, US	[30]
7 September 1953	Neville Duke	727.6	1,171	Hawker Hunter Mk.3	Littlehampton, UK	[31]
26 September 1953	Mike Lithgow	735.7	1,184	Supermarine Swift F4	Castel Idris, Tripoli, Libya	[32]
3 October 1953	James B. Verdin, US Navy	752.9	1,211.5	Douglas F4D Skyray	Salton Sea, California, US	[33]
29 October 1953	Frank K. Everest USAF	755.1	1,215.3	North American F-100 Super Sabre	Salton Sea, California, US
20 August 1955	Horace A. Hanes	822.1	1,323	North American F-100C Super Sabre	Palmdale, California, US
10 March 1956	Peter Twiss	1,132	1,822	Fairey Delta 2	Chichester, UK	[34]
12 December 1957	USAF	1,207.6	1,943.5	McDonnell F-101A Voodoo	Muroc, California, US	[35]
16 May 1958	Capt. Walt Wayne Irwin, USF	1,404.012	2,259.538	Lockheed YF-104A Starfighter		[3]: 147 [36]
5 October 1959	Maj. André Turcat	1,441.6	2,320	Nord 1500 Griffon	France	[37]
31 October 1959	Col. Georgi Mosolov	1,484	2,388	Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-6/3 or Ye-66	USSR	[38]
15 December 1959	Maj. Joseph Rogers, USAF	1,525.9	2,455.7	Convair F-106 Delta Dart	Muroc, California, US	The record should have gone to civilian (former military) pilot Charles Myers, who flew a Delta Dart at 2,485 kilometres per hour (1,544 mph) in 1959, but Cold War pressures dictated that the award go to an active-military pilot.[39][40][41]
22 November 1961	Robert B. Robinson, US Navy	1,606.3	2,585.1	McDonnell-Douglas F4H-1F Phantom II	Muroc, California, US	[3]: 165 [42]
7 July 1962	Col. Georgi Mosolov	1,665.9	2,681	Mikoyan Gurevich Ye-166	USSR	[43][44] Name adopted for record attempt, a version of a Ye-152 a.k.a. E-166.[3]: 179
1 May 1965	Robert L. Stephens and Daniel Andre	2,070.1	3,331.5	Lockheed YF-12A	Muroc, California, US	[45]
28 July 1976	Capt. Eldon W. Joersz (P) and Maj. George T. Morgan Jr. (RSO)	2,193.2	3,529.6	Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird #61-7958	Beale AFB, US	[46]

Official records versus unofficial

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a crewed airbreathing jet engine aircraft with a speed of 3,530 km/h (2,190 mph). The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. It was able to take off and land unassisted on conventional runways.^[47] SR-71 pilot Brian Shul claimed in The Untouchables that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile.^[48]

Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight was held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Rare Bear, with a speed of 850.23 km/h (528.31 mph), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 880 km/h (547 mph). Both were demilitarised and modified fighters, while the fastest stock (original, factory-built) piston-engined aeroplane was unofficially the Supermarine Spiteful F Mk 16, which "achieved a speed of 494m.p.h. at 28,500ft during official tests at Boscombe Down" in level flight.^[49] The unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane (not in level flight) is held by a Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XIX, which was calculated to have achieved a speed of 1,110 km/h (690 mph) in a dive on 5 February 1952.

The last new speed record ratified before the outbreak of World War II was set on 26 April 1939 with a Me 209 V1, at 755 km/h (469 mph). The chaos and secrecy of World War II meant that new speed breakthroughs were neither publicized nor ratified. In October 1941, an unofficial speed record of 1,004 km/h (624 mph) was secretly set by a Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4" rocket aircraft. Continued research during the war extended the secret, unofficial speed record to 1,130 km/h (700 mph) by July 1944, achieved by a Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18". The first new official record in the post-war period was achieved by a Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 in November 1945, at 975 km/h (606 mph). The first aircraft to exceed the unofficial October 1941 record of the Me 163A V4 was the Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak, which achieved 1,032 km/h (641 mph) in August 1947. The July 1944 unofficial record of the Me 163B V18 was officially surpassed in November 1947, when Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to 1,434 km/h (891 mph).

The official speed record for a seaplane moved by piston engine is 709.209 km/h (440.682 mph), which attained on 24 October 1934, by Francesco Agello in the Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 seaplane ("idrocorsa") and it remains the current record.^[50] It was equipped with the Fiat AS.6 engine (version 1934) developing a power of 2,300 kW (3,100 hp) at 3,300 rpm, with coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The original record holding Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 MM.181 seaplane is at the Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle in Italy.

Other air speed records

Date	Pilot	Airspeed		Aircraft	Comments
		mph	km/h
2 October 1985	Holger Rochelt	27.54	44.32	Musculair 2	Fastest human-powered aircraft[51]
22 December 2006	Klaus Ohlmann & Matias Garcia Mazzaro	190.6	306.8	Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4DM	Fastest (non-powered) glider over 500 km[52]
11 August 1986	Trevor Egginton	249	400.87	Westland Lynx	Fastest helicopter[53][54][55]
31 December 1988	L.P. Krantov	258.8	415	Tupolev Tu-134A	Highest landing speed for a civil aircraft[56]
11 June 2013	Hervé Jammayrac	293	472	Eurocopter X3	Fastest propeller compound helicopter[57]
15 September 2010	Kevin Bredenbeck	299	481	Sikorsky X2	Fastest compound helicopter, shallow dive (unofficial)[58]
19 March 1989	Unknown pilot	316	509	Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey[59][60]	Tiltrotor
15 April 1969	Unknown pilot	316	509	Bell 533	Compound jet helicopter[61][62]
19 November 2021	Steve Jones	345.4	555.9	Rolls-Royce Accel ‘Spirit of Innovation’	Fastest electric-only aeroplane[63]
6 February 2003	Joseph J. Ritchie, Steve Fossett	576.3	927.4	Piaggio P.180 Avanti	Fastest propeller-driven aircraft of any type.[64]
2 September 2017	Steve Hinton Jr.	531.53	855.41	P-51 "Voodoo"	Fastest straight-line piston-engined aircraft in level flight[65][66]
9 April 1960	Ivan Sukhomlin, Konstantin Sapielkine	545.07	877.21	Tupolev Tu-114	Fastest propeller-driven airliner-size aircraft, per FAI.[67] Both Tu-116 and Tu-142 claim higher maximum speeds.
5 February 1952	Flight Lieutenant Edward Powles	690	1,110.447	Supermarine Spitfire PR.XIX PS852	Reached (Mach 0.96) during an emergency dive while carrying out spying flights over China, the highest speed ever recorded for a piston-engined aircraft (though not in level flight).[68]
14 October 2012	Felix Baumgartner	844	1,358	None (jumped from a helium balloon gondola)	Fastest unpowered descent of a human[69][70]
7 February 1996	Captain Leslie Scott	1,249	2,010	Concorde	Fastest passenger plane on a regular route[71]
3 October 1967	William 'Pete' Knight	4,519	7,274	North American X-15	Rocket plane[72]
16 November 2004	Uncrewed	6,755	10,870	NASA X-43A	Air-launched hypersonic scramjet; fastest free-flying air-breathing vehicle[73]
22 April 2010	Uncrewed	13,201	21,245	HTV-2 Falcon	Air-launched hypersonic glider; fastest uncrewed aerial vehicle[74]
14 November 1981	Joe H. Engle	17,500	28,000	Space Shuttle Columbia	Fastest manually controlled flight in atmosphere during atmospheric reentry of STS-2 mission.
15 November 1988	Uncrewed	18,019	29,000	Buran	The fastest unmanned (but capable of carrying up to 8-10 people) spaceplane ever built [citation needed], weighing 100 tons or more.

Flying between any two airports allow a large number of combinations, so setting a speed record ("speed over a recognised course") is fairly easy with an ordinary aircraft, although there are many administrative requirements for recognition.^[75][76][77]

See also

• Flight altitude record
• Fastest propeller-driven aircraft
• List of vehicle speed records
• Lockheed X-7 - Mach 4.31 (2,881 mph) in the 1950s
• Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
• World record

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• Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
• James, Derek N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London:Putnam, 1971. ISBN 0-370-00084-6.
• Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis Maryland, US: Naval Institute Press, 1992. ISBN 1-55750-082-7.
• Munson, Kenneth and John William Ransom Taylor Jane's Pocket Book of Record-breaking Aircraft. New York New York, US: Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 0-02-080630-2.
• Taylor, H. A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1974. ISBN 0-370-00065-X.
• Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
• Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. ISBN 0-354-00538-3.
• Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
• Organ, Richard Avro Arrow: The Story of the Avro Arrow From Its Evolution To Its Extinction. Erin, ON, Canada: Boston Mills Press, 1980. ISBN 978-1550460476.

External links

• Web site of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)
• Speed records time line
• Speed Record Club - The Speed Record Club seeks to promote an informed and educated enthusiast identity, reporting accurately and impartially to the best of its ability on record-breaking engineering, events, attempts and history.
• Ground Speed Records - Breakdown of speed records by aircraft type