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An actuaria (plural: actuariae; a short form of navis actuaria, "ship that moves") was a type of merchant galley used primarily for trade and transport throughout the Roman Empire. In Greek, they were also known by the term akatos (ἄκατος; plural: akatoi). The actuaria was equipped with sails as well as oars. It was more expensive to operate than merchant sailing ships, and was used where speed and reliability were prioritized. It could carry both passengers and wares such as honey, cheese, meat, and even live animals intended for gladiator combat.[1]
Variants of the actuaria were used as troop transports, for example in the invasion of Britain. In 47 BC, Publius Vatinius equipped actuariae at Brindisi with temporary rams to support Julius Caesar's forces in Illyricum, on the other side of the Adriatic, though these were only suitable to combat smaller enemy vessels.[1] Actuariae were also employed along the major rivers by Germanicus in his campaigns against the Germanic tribes around 16 AD.[2]
A warship derivative of the actuaria known as a qit'a was possibly used by Arab fleets as late as the 8th century.[3]
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