Turing Award

The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science.^[2] It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in the field of computer science and is often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".^[3][4][5]

ACM Turing Award
Alan Turing, the award's namesake
Awarded for	Outstanding contributions in computer science
Country	United States
Presented by	Association for Computing Machinery
Reward(s)	US$1,000,000[1]
First awarded	1966; 58 years ago (1966)
Last awarded	2023
Website	amturing.acm.org

The award is named after Alan Turing, who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence,^[6] and a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher during World War II.^[7]

From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by a prize of US$250,000, with financial support provided by Intel and Google.^[2][8] Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of US$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.^[1][9]

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis. The youngest recipient was Donald Knuth who won in 1974, at the age of 36,^[10] while the oldest recipient was Alfred Aho who won in 2020, at the age of 79.^[11] Only three women have been awarded the prize: Frances Allen (in 2006),^[12] Barbara Liskov (in 2008),^[13] and Shafi Goldwasser (in 2012).^[14] As of 2024^[update], 77 people have been awarded the prize, with the most recent recipient, in 2023, being Avi Wigderson.^[15]

Recipients

Recipients of the ACM Turing award

Year	Recipient(s)	Photo	Rationale	Affiliated institute(s)
1966	Alan Perlis	—	"For his influence in the area of advanced computer programming techniques and compiler construction"[16][17]	Carnegie Mellon University
1967	Maurice Wilkes		"Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the second computer with an internally stored program. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. He is also known as the author, with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill, of a volume on 'Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers' in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced."[18][19]	University of Cambridge
1968	Richard Hamming	—	"For his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes"[20][21]	Bell Labs
1969	Marvin Minsky		"For his central role in creating, shaping, promoting, and advancing the field of artificial intelligence"[22][23]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1970	James H. Wilkinson	—	"For his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and 'backward' error analysis"[24][25]	National Physical Laboratory
1971	John McCarthy		"McCarthy's lecture 'The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence' is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work."[26][27]	Stanford University
1972	Edsger W. Dijkstra		"Edsger Dijkstra was a principal contributor in the late 1950s to the development of the ALGOL, a high level programming language which has become a model of clarity and mathematical rigor. He is one of the principal proponents of the science and art of programming languages in general, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of their structure, representation, and implementation. His fifteen years of publications extend from theoretical articles on graph theory to basic manuals, expository texts, and philosophical contemplations in the field of programming languages."[28][29]	Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Texas at Austin
1973	Charles Bachman		"For his outstanding contributions to database technology"[30][31]	General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
1974	Donald Knuth		"For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to "The Art of Computer Programming" through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title"[32][33]	California Institute of Technology, Center for Communications Research, Center for Communications and Computing, Institute for Defense Analyses, Stanford University
1975	Allen Newell	—	"In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequently with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing."[34][35][36]	RAND Corporation, Carnegie Mellon University
	Herbert A. Simon
1976	Michael O. Rabin		"For their joint paper 'Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem',[37] which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field"[38][39][40][41]	Princeton University
	Dana Scott			University of Chicago
1977	John Backus		"For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages"[42][43]	IBM
1978	Robert W. Floyd	—	"For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms"[44]	Carnegie Mellon University, Stanford University
1979	Kenneth E. Iverson	—	"For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice"[45][46]	IBM
1980	Tony Hoare		"For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages"[47][48]	Queen's University Belfast, University of Oxford
1981	Edgar F. Codd	—	"For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems, esp. relational databases"[49][50]	IBM
1982	Stephen Cook		"For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way"[51][52]	University of Toronto
1983	Ken Thompson		"For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system"[53][54]	Bell Labs
	Dennis Ritchie
1984	Niklaus Wirth		"For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, Pascal, MODULA and Oberon"[55]	Stanford University, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich
1985	Richard M. Karp		"For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness"[56]	University of California, Berkeley
1986	John Hopcroft		"For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures"[57][58]	Cornell University
	Robert Tarjan			Stanford University, Cornell University, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University
1987	John Cocke	—	"For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC)"[59]	IBM
1988	Ivan Sutherland		"For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after"[60]	Stanford University, Harvard University, University of Utah, California Institute of Technology
1989	William Kahan		"For his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis. One of the foremost experts on floating-point computations, Kahan has dedicated himself to 'making the world safe for numerical computations!'"[61]	University of California, Berkeley
1990	Fernando J. Corbató		"For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics"[62]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1991	Robin Milner	—	"For three distinct and complete achievements: LCF, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction; ML, the first language to include polymorphic type inference together with a type-safe exception-handling mechanism; CCS, a general theory of concurrency In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational and denotational semantics."[63][64]	Stanford University, University of Edinburgh
1992	Butler Lampson		"For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing"[65]	PARC, DEC
1993	Juris Hartmanis		"In recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory"[66][67][68]	General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
	Richard E. Stearns
1994	Edward Feigenbaum		"For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology"[69][70][71]	Stanford University
	Raj Reddy			Stanford University, Carnegie Mellon University
1995	Manuel Blum		"In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking"[72]	University of California, Berkeley
1996	Amir Pnueli		"For seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification"[73]	Stanford University, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1997	Douglas Engelbart		"For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision"[74]	SRI International, Tymshare, McDonnell Douglas, Bootstrap Institute/Alliance,[75] The Doug Engelbart Institute
1998	Jim Gray		"For seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation"[76]	IBM, Microsoft
1999	Fred Brooks		"For landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering"[77]	IBM, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2000	Andrew Yao		"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity"[78]	Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University
2001	Ole-Johan Dahl	—	"For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67"[79][80]	Norwegian Computing Center, University of Oslo
	Kristen Nygaard
2002	Ron Rivest		"For their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice"[81][82][83]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Adi Shamir
	Leonard Adleman			University of Southern California
2003	Alan Kay		"For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing"[84]	University of Utah, PARC, Stanford University, Atari, Apple ATG, Walt Disney Imagineering, Viewpoints Research Institute, HP Labs
2004	Vint Cerf		"For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking"[85][86]	University of California, Los Angeles, Stanford University, DARPA, MCI (now under Verizon), CNRI, Google
	Bob Kahn			Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bolt Beranek and Newman, DARPA, CNRI
2005	Peter Naur		"For fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of ALGOL 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming"[87]	Regnecentralen (now under Fujitsu), University of Copenhagen
2006	Frances Allen		"For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution"[88]	IBM
2007	Edmund M. Clarke		"For their role in developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries"[89][90][91][92]	Harvard University, Carnegie Mellon University
	E. Allen Emerson			Harvard University, University of Texas at Austin
	Joseph Sifakis			French National Centre for Scientific Research
2008	Barbara Liskov		"For contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing"[13]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2009	Charles P. Thacker		"For his pioneering design and realization of the Xerox Alto, the first modern personal computer, and in addition for his contributions to the Ethernet and the Tablet PC"[93]	PARC, DEC, Microsoft Research
2010	Leslie Valiant		"For transformative contributions to the theory of computation, including the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing"[94]	Harvard University
2011	Judea Pearl		"For fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning"[95][96]	University of California, Los Angeles, New Jersey Institute of Technology
2012	Silvio Micali		"For transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory"[14][97][98]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Shafi Goldwasser			Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Weizmann Institute of Science
2013	Leslie Lamport		"For fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality and logical clocks, safety and liveness, replicated state machines, and sequential consistency"[99][100][101]	Massachusetts Computer Associates (now under Essig PLM), SRI International, DEC, Compaq (now under HP), Microsoft Research
2014	Michael Stonebraker		"For fundamental contributions to the concepts and practices underlying modern database systems"[102][103]	University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2015	Whitfield Diffie		"For fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper, 'New Directions in Cryptography',[104] introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which are the foundation for most regularly-used security protocols on the Internet today."[105][106]	Stanford University
	Martin Hellman
2016	Tim Berners-Lee		"For inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale"[107]	CERN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, World Wide Web Consortium
2017	John L. Hennessy		"For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry"[108][109][110]	Stanford University
	David Patterson			University of California, Berkeley
2018	Yoshua Bengio		"For conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing"[111][112][113][114]	Université de Montréal, McGill University, Mila
	Geoffrey Hinton			University of Toronto, University of California, San Diego, Carnegie Mellon University, University College London, University of Edinburgh, Google AI
	Yann LeCun			University of Toronto, Bell Labs, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, Meta AI
2019	Edwin Catmull		"For fundamental contributions to 3-D computer graphics, and the revolutionary impact of these techniques on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications"[115][116][117]	University of Utah, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios
	Pat Hanrahan			Pixar, Princeton University, Stanford University
2020	Alfred Aho	—	"For fundamental algorithms and theory underlying programming language implementation and for synthesizing these results and those of others in their highly influential books, which educated generations of computer scientists"[118][119][120]	Bell Labs, Columbia University
	Jeffrey Ullman	—		Bell Labs, Princeton University, Stanford University
2021	Jack Dongarra		"For pioneering contributions to numerical algorithms and libraries that enabled high performance computational software to keep pace with exponential hardware improvements for over four decades"[121][122]	Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Manchester, Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study, University of Tennessee, Rice University
2022	Robert Metcalfe		"For the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet"[123]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Xerox PARC, University of Texas at Austin
2023	Avi Wigderson		"For reshaping our understanding of the role of randomness in computation, and for decades of intellectual leadership in theoretical computer science"[15]	Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

See also

• Fields Medal
• IEEE John von Neumann Medal
• List of awards named after people
• List of computer science awards
• List of computer-related awards
• List of pioneers in computer science
• List of ACM Awards
• List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field

References

1. CACM Staff (2014). "ACM's Turing Award prize raised to $1 million". Communications of the ACM. 57 (12): 20. doi:10.1145/2685372.
2. "A. M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
3. Dasgupta, Sanjoy; Papadimitriou, Christos; Vazirani, Umesh (2008). Algorithms. McGraw-Hill. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-07-352340-8.
4. "dblp: ACM Turing Award Lectures". informatik.uni-trier.de. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
5. Brown, Bob (June 6, 2011). "Why there's no Nobel Prize in Computing". Network World. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
6. Homer, Steven and Alan L. (2001). Computability and Complexity Theory. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-387-95055-6. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
7. Copeland, Jack (June 18, 2012). "Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'". BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
8. Geringer, Steven (July 27, 2007). "ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000". ACM press release. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
9. "ACM's Turing Award Prize Raised to $1 Million". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
10. Zhongkai Shangguan; Zihe Zheng; Jiebo Luo (2021). "What Kind of Person Wins the Turing Award?". p. 1. arXiv:2104.05636 [cs.GL]. The youngest winner was Donald Knuth, who convinced the jury with "Computer Programming as an Art" and won [the] Turing Award in 1974 at the age of 36.
11. William L. Hosch. "Turing Award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
12. "First Woman to Receive ACM Turing Award" (Press release). The Association for Computing Machinery. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
13. Tom van Vleck. "Barbara Liskov - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
14. Charles Rackoff. "Shafi Goldwasser - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
15. "Avi Wigderson of the Institute for Advanced Study is the recipient of the 2023 ACM A.M. Turing Award". awards.acm.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
16. Perlis, A. J. (1967). "The Synthesis of Algorithmic Systems". Journal of the ACM. 14: 1–9. doi:10.1145/321371.321372. S2CID 12937998.
17. David Nofre. "Alan J Perlis - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
18. Wilkes, M. V. (1968). "Computers then and Now". Journal of the ACM. 15: 1–7. doi:10.1145/321439.321440. S2CID 9846847.
19. Martin Campbell-Kelly. "Maurice V. Wilkes - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
20. Hamming, R. W. (1969). "One Man's View of Computer Science". Journal of the ACM. 16: 3–12. doi:10.1145/321495.321497. S2CID 6868310.
21. Edmund F. Robertson. "Richard W. Hamming - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
22. Minsky, M. (1970). "Form and Content in Computer Science (1970 ACM turing lecture)". Journal of the ACM. 17 (2): 197–215. doi:10.1145/321574.321575. S2CID 15661281.
23. Patrick Henry Winston. "Marvin Minsky - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
24. Wilkinson, J. H. (1971). "Some Comments from a Numerical Analyst". Journal of the ACM. 18 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1145/321637.321638. S2CID 37748083.
25. Beresford Neill Parlett. "James Hardy ("Jim") Wilkinson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
26. McCarthy, J. (1987). "Generality in artificial intelligence". Communications of the ACM. 30 (12): 1030–1035. doi:10.1145/33447.33448. S2CID 1045033. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
27. Lester Earnest. "John Mccarthy - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
28. Dijkstra, E. W. (1972). "The humble programmer". Communications of the ACM. 15 (10): 859–866. doi:10.1145/355604.361591.
29. Hamilton Richards. "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
30. Bachman, C. W. (1973). "The programmer as navigator". Communications of the ACM. 16 (11): 653–658. doi:10.1145/355611.362534.
31. Thomas Haigh. "Charles William Bachman - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
32. Knuth, D. E. (1974). "Computer programming as an art". Communications of the ACM. 17 (12): 667–673. doi:10.1145/361604.361612.
33. David Walden. "Donald ("Don") Ervin Knuth - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
34. Newell, A.; Simon, H. A. (1976). "Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search". Communications of the ACM. 19 (3): 113. doi:10.1145/360018.360022.
35. Hunter Heyck. "Allen Newell - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
36. Hunter Heyck. "Herbert ("Herb") Alexander Simon - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
37. Rabin, M. O.; Scott, D. (1959). "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 3 (2): 114. doi:10.1147/rd.32.0114. S2CID 3160330.
38. Rabin, M. O. (1977). "Complexity of computations". Communications of the ACM. 20 (9): 625–633. doi:10.1145/359810.359816.
39. Scott, D. S. (1977). "Logic and programming languages". Communications of the ACM. 20 (9): 634–641. doi:10.1145/359810.359826.
40. "Michael O. Rabin - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
41. "Dana Steward Scott - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
42. Backus, J. (1978). "Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?: A functional style and its algebra of programs". Communications of the ACM. 21 (8): 613–641. doi:10.1145/359576.359579.
43. Grady Booch. "John Backus - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
44. Floyd, R. W. (1979). "The paradigms of programming". Communications of the ACM. 22 (8): 455–460. doi:10.1145/359138.359140.
45. Iverson, K. E. (1980). "Notation as a tool of thought". Communications of the ACM. 23 (8): 444–465. doi:10.1145/358896.358899.
46. Keith Smillie. "Kenneth E. ("Ken") Iverson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
47. Hoare, C. A. R. (1981). "The emperor's old clothes". Communications of the ACM. 24 (2): 75–83. doi:10.1145/358549.358561.
48. Cliff Jones. "C. Antony ("Tony") R. Hoare - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
49. Codd, E. F. (1982). "Relational database: A practical foundation for productivity". Communications of the ACM. 25 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1145/358396.358400.
50. C. J. Date. "Edgar F. ("Ted") Codd - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
51. Cook, S. A. (1983). "An overview of computational complexity". Communications of the ACM. 26 (6): 400–408. doi:10.1145/358141.358144.
52. Bruce Kapron. "Stephen Arthur Cook - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
53. Tom Van Vleck. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Kenneth Lane Thompson". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
54. Tom Van Vleck. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Dennis M. Ritchie". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
55. Thomas Haigh. "Niklaus E. Wirth - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
56. B. Simons; D. Gusfield. "Richard ("Dick") Manning Karp - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
57. "John E. Hopcroft - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
58. V. King. "Robert (Bob) Endre Tarjan - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
59. Michael G. Burke; Vivek Sarkar. "John Cocke - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
60. Robert Burton. "Ivan Sutherland - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
61. Thomas Haigh. "William ("Velvel") Morton Kahan - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
62. T. Van Vleck. "Fernando J ("Corby") Corbato - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
63. Milner, R. (1993). "Elements of interaction: Turing award lecture". Communications of the ACM. 36: 78–89. doi:10.1145/151233.151240.
64. Michael Fourman. "Arthur John Robin Gorell ("Robin") Milner - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
65. Roy Levin. "Butler W Lampson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
66. Stearns, R. E. (1994). "Turing Award lecture: It's time to reconsider time". Communications of the ACM. 37 (11): 95–99. doi:10.1145/188280.188379.
67. Allan Borodin. "Juris Hartmanis - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
68. "Richard ("Dick") Edwin Stearns - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
69. Reddy, R. (1996). "To dream the possible dream". Communications of the ACM. 39 (5): 105–112. doi:10.1145/229459.233436.
70. Nils J. Nilsson. "Edward A ("Ed") Feigenbaum - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
71. Nils J. Nilsson. "Dabbala Rajagopal ("Raj") Reddy - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
72. Christos H. Papadimitriou. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Manuel Blum". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
73. Lenore Zuck. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Amir Pnueli". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
74. Thierry Bardini. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Douglas Engelbart". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
75. "The Doug Engelbart Institute". The Doug Engelbart Institute. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
76. Paul McJones. "James ("Jim") Nicholas Gray - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
77. Grady Booch. "Frederick ("Fred") Brooks - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
78. Bruce Kapron. "Andrew Chi-Chih Yao - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
79. Andrew P. Black. "Ole-Johan Dahl - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
80. Ole Lehrman Madsen. "Kristen Nygaard - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
81. "Ronald (Ron) Linn Rivest - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
82. "Adi Shamir - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
83. Joseph Bebel; Shang-Hua Teng. "Leonard (Len) Max Adleman - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
84. Susan B. Barnes. "Alan Kay - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
85. Janet Abbate. "Vinton ("Vint") Gray Cerf - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
86. Janet Abbate. "Robert (Bob) Elliot Kahn - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
87. Edgar G. Daylight. "Peter Naur - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
88. Guy Steele. "Frances ("Fran") Elizabeth Allen - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
89. "2007 Turing Award Winners Announced". Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
90. Ted Kirkpatrick. "Edmund Melson Clarke - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
91. Thomas Wahl. "E. Allen Emerson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
92. Cristian S. Calude. "Joseph Sifakis - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
93. "Charles P. (Chuck) Thacker - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
94. "Leslie Gabriel Valiant - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
95. Pearl, Judea (2007). ACM Turing Award Lectures (mp4). doi:10.1145/1283920. ISBN 978-1-4503-1049-9. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
96. Stuart J. Russell. "Judea Pearl - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
97. "Turing award 2012". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013.
98. Avi Wigderson. "Silvio Micali - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
99. "Turing award 2013". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
100. Lamport, L. (1978). "Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 21 (7): 558–565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.155.4742. doi:10.1145/359545.359563. S2CID 215822405. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
101. Dahlia Malkhi; Martin Abadi; Hagit Attiya; Idit Keidar; Nancy Lynch; Nir Shavit; George Varghese; Len Shustek. "Leslie Lamport - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
102. "Turing award 2014". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
103. Thomas Haigh. "Michael Stonebreaker - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
104. Diffie, W.; Hellman, M. (1976). "New directions in cryptography" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 22 (6): 644–654. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.37.9720. doi:10.1109/TIT.1976.1055638. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
105. "Cryptography Pioneers Receive 2015 ACM A.M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
106. Jeffrey R. Yost. "Martin Hellman - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
107. "Turing award 2016". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
108. "Pioneers of Modern Computer Architecture Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
109. Charles H. House. "John L Hennessy - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
110. Charles H. House. "Charles Patterson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
111. "Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
112. Thomas Haigh. "Yoshua Bengio - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
113. Thomas Haigh. "Geoffrey E. Hinton - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
114. Thomas Haigh. "Yann LeCun - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
115. "2019 ACM A.M. Turing Award Laureates". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
116. "Edwin E. Catmull - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
117. "Patrick M. Hanrahan - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
118. "Columbia's Alfred Aho and Stanford's Jeffrey Ullman receive 2020 ACM A.M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
119. Thomas Haigh. "Alfred Vaino Aho - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
120. Thomas Haigh. "Jeffrey David Ullman - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
121. "Open Graph Title: University of Tennessee's Jack Dongarra receives 2021 ACM A.M. Turing Award". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
122. Thomas Haigh. "Dr. Jack Dongarra - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
123. "Robert Melancton Metcalfe - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.

External links

• ACM Chronological listing of Turing Laureates
• ACM A.M. Turing Award Centenary Celebration
• ACM A.M. Turing Award Laureate Interviews
• Celebration of 50 Years of the ACM A.M. Turing Award