Accession of Georgia to the European Union

This article is about accession negotiations process. For the broad perspective on relations between the European Union and Georgia, see Georgia–European Union relations.

The accession of Georgia to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

Accession of Georgia to the European Union
Status	Candidate
Application European perspective 23 June 2022[1] Membership application 3 March 2022 Screened & negotiations commence
Negotiations Chapters closed
Memberships & Treaties Association Agreement Economic and monetary policy Travel Energy Foreign and military policy Human rights and international courts International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Impact (27+1) Population 446,828,803 450,731,931 Area 4,233,262 km2 1,634,472 mi2 4,303,962 km2 HDI 0.896 GDP (PPP) $25.399 trillion GDP per capita (PPP) $56,928 GDP $17.818 trillion GDP per capita $39,940 Gini 30.0 Official Languages 24 25 (+1) (Georgian)

Following an application by Georgia in March 2022, the EU established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the Union, recognizing the country as a potential candidate. On 8 November 2023, the European Commission issued an official recommendation to grant candidate status to Georgia,^[2] which was confirmed on 14 December 2023.^[3]

It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

History

Main article: Georgia–European Union relations

The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia.^[4] In April 1996, Georgia, along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with the European Union.^[5] On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future.^[6] In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership.^{[citation needed]}

In March 2013, the Parliament of Georgia passed a bipartisan resolution supporting the integration into the European Union and NATO. The resolution was drafted jointly by the two largest political parties, Georgian Dream and United National Movement, and was voted by 96 deputies.^[7][8] In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgia with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024.^[3][9] However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[10] In June 2022, the European Commission established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the EU, but deferred giving it official candidate status until after certain conditions were met.^[11] Later that month, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate after completing a set of reforms recommended by the commission.^[12] On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia.^[13][14][15] On 14 December 2023, Georgia was given candidate status by the EU.^[16]

Following the Georgian government's approval of legislation which would require non-governmental organizations to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue, which led to widespread protests in the country, the European Council stated in June 2024 that this represented "backsliding on the steps set out in the Commission's recommendation for candidate status" and that the accession process would be de facto on hold until the government changes course.^[17] On 9 July 2024, the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that the European Union had suspended the country's accession process as a result of the legislation.^[18][19] The European Union threatened Georgia with sanctions and suspension of relations if the country becomes a "one-party state" without political opposition following parliamentary elections in October 2024.^[20]

The 2024 Georgian parliamentary election resulted in Georgian Dream (GD) retaining power, but was disputed by opposition parties which claimed that the vote was not free and fair and was subject to widespread voter fraud. The European Parliament adopted a non-binding resolution which rejected the validity of the results, and called for the vote to be repeated within a year.^[21] On 28 November 2024, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze announced that Georgia's EU accession negotiations had been suspended until the end of 2028,^[22] though he added that his government would continue to implement the reforms required for accession and that it still planned for Georgia to join the EU by 2030.^[23] Kobakhidze's statement on suspending the EU accession negotiations triggered a new wave of protests, one of the biggest since Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union. The 2024 Georgian constitutional crisis continued, with Mikheil Kavelashvili being inaugurated by GD as president of Georgia, while Salome Zourabichvili continued to be seen by protestors (and herself) as retaining her legitimacy as president.^[24]

Treaties

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

Main article: Georgia–European Union Association Agreement

President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states.

Georgian flag in front of the Council of Europe

To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement.^[25] In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013.^[26] In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union,^[27] which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU.^[28] A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013.^[29][30] It was formally signed on 27 June 2014,^[31] and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed.^[32]

The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states.^[33] On 18 December 2014 the European Parliament approved the Association Agreement. Members backed the treaty by 490 votes in favour to 76 against, with 57 abstentions.^[34] The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016.^[33]

Ratification

Ratification history

Signatory	Date	Institution			AB	Deposited[33]	Reference
Austria	8 July 2015	National Council	Approved			28 August 2015	[35]
	23 July 2015	Federal Council	Approved				[35]
		Presidential Assent	Granted
Belgium
	23 April 2015	Chamber of Representatives	101	17	20	1 February 2016	[36][37]
		Royal Assent (federal law)
	1 July 2015	Walloon Parliament (regional) (community)	63	2	4		[38]
			61	2	4		[38]
	22 June 2015	German-speaking Community	16	2	1		[39]
	24 June 2015	French Community	71	0	8		[40]
	20 November 2015	Brussels Regional Parliament	69	3	3		[41][42]
	20 November 2015	Brussels United Assembly[43] (FR language) (NL language)	53	3	1		[44][45]
			14	0	2		[44][45]
	17 June 2015	Flemish Parliament (regional) (community)	82	18			[46]
			87	19			[46]
	24 June 2015	COCOF Assembly	71	0	8		[47][48]
Bulgaria	24 July 2014	National Assembly	91	0	0	9 September 2014	[49]
	28 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[50]
Croatia	12 December 2014	Parliament	116	0	1	24 March 2015	[51]
	18 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[52]
Cyprus	7 May 2015	House of Representatives	Approved			18 August 2015	[53]
	22 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[54]
Czech Republic	18 March 2015	Senate	56	0	6	12 June 2015	[55]
	29 April 2015	Chamber of Deputies	116	1	51		[55][56]
	19 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[57]
Denmark	18 December 2014	Parliament	101	7	0	18 February 2015	[58]
Estonia	4 November 2014	Assembly	66	0	0	12 January 2015	[59][60]
	13 November 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[59]
European Union and EAEC	18 December 2014	European Parliament	490	76	57	19 April 2016 (EAEC) 23 May 2016 (EU)	[34]
		Council of the European Union
Finland	10 March 2015	Parliament	Approved			6 May 2015	[61]
	24 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[62]
France	29 October 2015	Senate	Approved			15 December 2015	[63]
	25 June 2015	National Assembly	Approved				[63]
	9 November 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[63]
Germany	8 May 2015	Bundesrat	Approved			22 July 2015	[64]
	26 March 2015	Bundestag	Approved				[65]
	27 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[66]
Georgia	18 July 2014	Parliament	123	0	0	25 July 2014	[67]
		Presidential Assent	Granted
Greece	18 November 2015	Parliament	Approved			14 December 2015	[68]
	24 November 2015	Presidential Promulgation	Granted				[69]
Hungary	25 November 2014	National Assembly	127	6	0	7 April 2015	[70]
	5 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[70]
Ireland	27 January 2015	Dáil Éireann	58	19	0	17 April 2015	[71]
Italy	26 November 2015	Senate	202	37	10	3 February 2016	[72]
	29 July 2015	Chamber of Deputies	310	93	34		[72]
	7 December 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[73]
Latvia	14 July 2014	Parliament	81	0	0	2 October 2014	[74]
	18 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[75]
Lithuania	8 July 2014	Parliament	84	0	1	29 July 2014	[76]
	11 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[77]
Luxembourg	18 March 2015	Chamber of Deputies	55	2	0	12 May 2015	[78]
	12 April 2015	Grand Ducal Promulgation	Granted				[79]
Malta	21 August 2014	House of Representatives	Approved			29 August 2014	[80][81][82]
Netherlands	7 July 2015	Senate	Adopted			21 September 2015	[83]
	7 April 2015	House of Representatives	119	31	0		[84]
	28 July 2015	Royal Promulgation	Granted				[83]
Poland	5 March 2015	Senate	75	0	0	22 May 2015	[85]
	6 February 2015	Sejm	439	0	1		[86][87]
	26 March 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[88]
Portugal	2 April 2015	National Assembly	Approved			8 October 2015	[89]
	19 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[90]
Romania	2 July 2014	Chamber of Deputies	298	0	0	14 July 2014	[91]
	3 July 2014	Senate	111	0	2		[92]
	9 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[93]
Slovakia	23 September 2014	National Council	117	0	1	21 October 2014	[94]
	16 October 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[95]
Slovenia	13 May 2015	National Assembly	69	3	0	27 July 2015	[96][97]
	21 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[98]
Spain	27 May 2015	Senate	Approved			28 July 2015	[99]
	30 April 2015	Congress of Deputies	303	0	1		[100]
		Royal Assent	Granted
Sweden	26 November 2014	Parliament	249	44	0	9 January 2015	[101]
United Kingdom	23 February 2015	House of Commons	Approved			8 April 2015	[102]
	9 March 2015	House of Lords	Approved				[103]
	19 March 2015	Royal Assent	Granted				[104]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Georgia) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK.

Free trade area

The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Georgia, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Georgia" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners".^[105]

Public opinion

A March 2023 survey conducted by the International Republican Institute found that 85% of Georgians (70% 'fully', 15% 'somewhat') were in favour of EU membership, up from 75% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[106] In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years.^[107]

Date	Question	Fully support	Somewhat support	Somewhat oppose	Strongly oppose	Don't know/No answer
September 2022 – IRI[108]	EU membership	70%	15%	3%	7%	5%
March 2023 – IRI[106]	EU membership	75%	14%	3%	5%	3%

Negotiations

Georgia has not yet started the negotiation process.

Chapter and screening dates

Progression	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete
Acquis chapter	Screening started	Screening completed	Chapter opened	Chapter closed
Overview	0 out of 35	0 out of 35	0 out of 35	0 out of 35
1. Free Movement of Goods
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services
4. Free Movement of Capital
5. Public Procurement
6. Company Law
7. Intellectual Property Law
8. Competition Policy
9. Financial Services
10. Information Society & Media
11. Agriculture & Rural Development
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy
13. Fisheries
14. Transport Policy
15. Energy
16. Taxation
17. Economic & Monetary Policy
18. Statistics
19. Social Policy & Employment
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy
21. Trans-European Networks
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
25. Science & Research
26. Education & Culture
27. Environment & Climate Change
28. Consumer & Health Protection
29. Customs Union
30. External Relations
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
32. Financial Control
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
34. Institutions
35. Other Issues

Report history

Clusters	Acquis Chapter	February 2023 Report[109]	November 2023 Report[110]	October 2024 Report[111]
1. Fundamentals	Public administration reform	–	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	24. Justice, Freedom & Security	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	Economic criteria	–	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	5. Public Procurement	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	18. Statistics	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	32. Financial Control	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
2. Internal Market	1. Free Movement of Goods	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
	3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	4. Free Movement of Capital	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	6. Company Law	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	7. Intellectual Property Law	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	8. Competition Policy	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation†
	9. Financial Services	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	28. Consumer & Health Protection	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
3. Competitiveness and inclusive growth	10. Digital transformation & Media	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	16. Taxation	Some level of preparation	Moderately prepared‡	Moderately prepared‡
	17. Economic & Monetary Policy	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	19. Social Policy & Employment	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	25. Science & Research	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	26. Education & Culture	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	29. Customs Union	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
4. Green agenda and sustainable connectivity	14. Transport	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	15. Energy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	21. Trans-European Networks	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	27. Environment & Climate Change	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
5. Resources, agriculture and cohesion	11. Agriculture & Rural Development	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
	12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	13. Fisheries	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	Early stage	Some level of preparation†	Some level of preparation†
	33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
6. External relations	30. External Relations	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	34. Institutions	-	–
	35. Other Issues	-	–
Legend: Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters. † indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "early stage" AND "some level of preparation". ‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared".   totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

Travel

Since 28 March 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel visa-free to the Schengen area. Starting in 2025, like all nationals from visa-exempt countries, Georgians will also need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries.^[112]

Impact of joining

Member countries	Population[113]	Area (km2)	GDP (US$)[114]	GDP per capita (US$)	Languages
Georgia	3,688,647	69,700	30 billion	8,164	Georgian
EU27	447,007,596	4,233,262	17,046 billion	38,134	24
EU27+1	450,731,931 (+0.83%)	4,302,962 (+1.65%)	17,076 billion (+0.18%)	37,885 (−0.65%)	25 (+1)

Reactions

• Armenia: On 7 February 2024, prime minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan congratulated neighboring Georgia for obtaining EU candidate status. During an address to the National Assembly, Pashinyan stated, "Many significant realities have changed in our region, and one of those realities is the fact that Georgia has received the status of a candidate for EU membership, which has an objective impact on our region. It turns out that two of our neighboring countries have the status of a candidate for EU membership, and if before it was possible to say, where is the EU, where is our region, now the EU is actually our region, and we are aware of this fact."^[115]

See also

• Georgia-European Union relations
• Georgia–European Union Association Agreement
• Association Trio
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Future enlargement of the European Union
• Accession of Armenia to the European Union
• Accession of Moldova to the European Union
• Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
• Georgia–NATO relations

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External links

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