442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron

This article is about the 442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron. For the 442nd Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron, see 738th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group § Units.

The 442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was converted to provisional status in May 2011. Its last assignment as a regular unit was to the 320th Bombardment Wing at March Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 15 September 1960. It has been active since, operating a small air base in Iraq.

442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron
442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron Aerial Port Operations at Al Taji Air Base
Active	1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1952–1960; 2018-2020
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Role	Expeditionary Support
Part of	Air Combat Command United States Central Command
Motto(s)	Qui Liberata Punire Impius (Latin for 'Those Free to Punish the Wicked')
Engagements	Mediterranean Theater of Operations European Theater of Operations
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation French Croix de Guerre with Palm
Insignia
442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron emblem[a][1][b]

The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 442nd Bombardment Squadron. It served in combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it earned the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for combat operations in Italy. In 1944, it moved north into the European Theater of Operations, where it earned a second DUC. After V-E Day, the squadron remained in Germany to participate in the disarmament of the Luftwaffe, then returned to the United States for inactivation.

Although briefly active in the reserve from 1947 to 1949, the squadron was primarily a Strategic Air Command bomber unit with Boeing B-47 Stratojets, serving on nuclear alert. It was inactivated in September 1960 when SAC reduced its wings at March Air Force Base, California from one to two.

History

World War II

Initial organization and training in the United States

The squadron was first established at MacDill Field, Florida on 1 July 1942 as the 442nd Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 320th Bombardment Group, a Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber group.^[2][3][4] The squadron trained rapidly in Florida, completing Phase I (individual) Operational Training at MacDill and Phase II (aircrew) Operational Training at Drane Field until beginning to move its aircraft to England in August without starting Phase III (unit) training.^[5]

The air echelon departed for Baer Field, Indiana on 19 August with initial plans calling for the squadron's air echelon to move to Europe via the North Atlantic Ferrying Route. At Baer Field, it received B-26s direct from the factory. However, these planes were soon withdrawn and transferred to the 319th Bombardment Group, the first B-26 group to fly its bombers across the Atlantic.^[5][c] The air echelon continued training at Baer Field with the few Marauders it had remaining. After delays continuing to November, it moved to Morrison Field, Florida to begin ferrying its planes using the South Atlantic Ferrying Route.^[2][5]

The ground echelon of the squadron, meanwhile, departed the United States on the RMS Queen Mary on 5 September, arriving at RAF Hethel on 12 September, and moving to RAF Tibenham at the beginning of October.^[2][6] In England, it received additional training from units of Eighth Air Force.^[5] It departed for North Africa on 21 November 1942.^[2][6] The air echelon never conducted operations from England, with their Marauders arriving in North Africa between December 1942 and January 1943.^[3]

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater

320th Group B-26 Marauder after attacking a bridge over the Rhone River near Arles^[d]

The squadron and its aircraft arrived at its first true overseas station, Oran Es Sénia Airport, Algeria, in early January 1943.^[2] The squadron had mine dropping equipment installed on its bomb racks for attacks against enemy submarines. The squadron was withdrawn from antisubmarine combat in February for rest and the antisubmarine mission was transferred to the Royal Air Force.^[7] However, it did not fly its first bombing missions until April 1943, by which time it had moved to Montesquieu Airfield, Algeria from its training base at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria. Until July 1943, operating from bases in Algeria and Tunisia, it flew missions against enemy shipping on the approaches to Tunis It flew missions against Tunisia and participated in Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of Pantelleria. The following month it provided air support for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.^[3]

The squadron bombed marshalling yards. bridges airfields, road junctions, viaducts, harbors, fuel and supply dumps, defense positions and other targets in Italy. It supported Operation Avalanche, the landings near Salerno, on the Italian mainland, and knocked out targets to aid the seizure of Naples and to cross the Volturno River. It flew missions against Anzio and Monte Cassino and flew interdiction missions in central Italy in preparation for the Allied approach to Rome.^[2][3]

In November 1943, the squadron moved to Decimomannu Airfield on Sardinia^[2] to be better positioned to attack targets in central and northern Italy. Its efforts supporting preparations for and execution of the Allied offensive in central Italy in April through June 1944, including the French breathrough of the Gustav Line,^[8] earned the squadron a French Croix de Guerre with Palm. On 12 May 1944, in the face of an intense antiaircraft artillery barrage, it bombed enemy troop concentrations near Fondi supporting United States Fifth Army's advance on Rome, for which it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).^[2] From June to November 1944, it flew interdiction missions in the Po Valley.^[3]

Combat in northern Europe and inactivation

After the Allies carried out Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France, in August 1944, the squadron flew air support missions there, moving to Dijon-Longvic Airfield, France in November. It bombed bridges, railroads, gun positions, barracks, supply and munitions dumps and other targets in France and Germany unitl V-E Day. Near the end of the war, on 15 March 1945, the squadron bombed pillboxes, weapons pits, trenches and roads within the Siegfried Line to enable the breakthrough of the United States Seventh Army, for which it was awarded a second DUC.^[3]

Following the end of the war, the squadron moved to AAF Station Herzogenaurach, Germany, where it took part in Operation Eclipse, the air disarmament campaign, acting as teams to disband the Luftwaffe, and packing its most advanced equipment for shipment back to the US,^[9] until the fall, when it moved to France to prepare for return to the US. It departed Europe in November 1945 and was inactivated on its arrival at the Port of Embarkation in December.^[2][3]

Service in the reserves

The 442nd was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Mitchel Field, New York in July 1947 as a light bomber unit.^[2] At Mitchel, its training was supervised by the 113th AAF Base Unit (later the 2230th Air Force Reserve Training Center). It does not appear the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with any operational aircraft during this time.^[10] In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.^[11] The 442nd was inactivated when Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949.^[2] The squadron's personnel continuing in paid reserve status and its equipment were transferred to elements of the 84th Fighter Wing.^[12]

Strategic Air Command operations

320th Bombardment Wing B-47 Stratojet^[e]

During the Korean War, the 106th Bombardment Wing, a New York Air National Guard unit, was mobilized and assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC). It trained at March Air Force Base, California as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress wing. On 1 December 1952, the 106th Wing was returned to state control and replaced by the 320th Bombardment Wing.^[13] In connection with this change, the 442nd was reactivated,^[2] and took over the personnel and Superfortresses of the 114th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously relieved from active duty. Under SAC's new organization, the squadron reported directly to the new wing, and the 320th Group remained inactive.^[2][3][f]

In early 1953, the squadron began to replace its B-29s with Boeing B-47B Stratojets. For a while the service test model of the reconnaissance version of this new jet bomber, the YRB-47, was on the squadron's strength.^[2] In December, the squadron began training the cadre of B-47 aircrews for the 96th Bombardment Wing, which had been activated at Altus Air Force Base with only minimum manning as that station was being reopened. This training continued for a little more than a year.^[13][14]

In June 1954, the squadron, along with the entire 320th Wing, deployed as a unit to RAF Brize Norton remaining there until September. It repeated this performance at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam between September 1956 and January 1957. Later in 1957, overseas alert operations changed in character when overseas alert began to be supported by multiple wings, with individuals rotating home during an extended overseas Operation Reflex alert, rather than deploying an entire wing overseas as a unit. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters at bases closer to the Soviet Union.^[15]

The percentage of SAC planes on alert gradually grew over the next three years to reach its goal of 1/3 of SAC’s force on alert by 1960.^[16] From 1958, SAC's B-47 Stratojet squadrons began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. This was designed to meet General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.^[17][18]

However, SAC was relying on the longer range Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, deciding to reduce the number of B-47 wings at March Air Force Base from two to one. With this reduction, the 442nd was inactivated on 15 September 1960.^[2]

Expeditionary operations

The squadron redesignated as the 442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron and converted to provisional status on 13 May 2011.^[2] It activated at Ebril Air Base in Iraq on 17 January 2017 to provide combat support to Operation Inherent Resolve, supporting the movement of cargo and personnel across the Combined Joint Task Force area of operations. It inactivated on the 10 June 2021, with its role passed to the 443rd Air Expeditionary Squadron which activated at Al Asad Air Base.^[19]

Lineage

• Constituted as the 442nd Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 19 June 1942

Activated on 1 July 1942

Redesignated 442nd Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944

Inactivated on 6 December 1945

• Redesignated 442nd Bombardment Squadron, Light on 26 May 1947

Activated in the reserve on 9 July 1947

Inactivated on 27 June 1949

• Redesignated 442nd Bombardment Squadron, Medium and activated on 1 December 1952

Discontinued on 15 September 1960

• Redesignated 442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron and converted to provisional status on 13 May 2011^[2]

Activated 17 January 2017^[19]

Inactivated 10 June 2021^[19]

Assignments

• 320th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1942 – 4 December 1945
• 320th Bombardment Group, 9 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 320th Bombardment Wing, 1 December 1952 – 15 September 1960
• Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed after 13 May 2011^[2]

* 386th Air Expeditionary Wing, 17 January 2017 – 10 June 2021^[19]

Stations

MacDill Field, Florida, 1 July 1942 Drane Field, Florida, 8–28 August 1942 RAF Hethel (AAF-114),[20] England, 12 September 1942 RAF Tibenham (AAF-124),[20] England, 1 October 1942 Oran Es Sénia Airport, Algeria, 9 January 1943 Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 28 January 1943 Montesquieu Airfield, Algeria, 14 April 1943 Massicault Airfield, Tunisia, 29 June 1943 El Bathan Airfield, Tunisia, 29 July 1943 Decimomannu Airfield, Sardinia, Italy, c. 9 November 1943

Alto Airfield, Corsica, France, 20 September 1944 Dijon-Longvic Airfield (Y-9),[21] France, 11 November 1944 Dôle-Tavaux Airfield (Y-7),[22] France, 2 April 1945 AAF Station Herzogenaurach (R-29),[23] Germany, 22 June 1945 Clastres Airfield, France (A-71),[24] c. October-27 November 1945 Camp Shanks, New York, 4–6 December 1945 Mitchel Field, New York, 9 July 1947 – 27 June 1949 March Air Force Base, California, 1 December 1952 – 15 September 1960[2] Erbil Air Base, Iraq, 17 January 2017 – 10 June 2021[19]

Aircraft

• Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1952–1953
• Boeing YRB-47B Stratojet, 1953
• Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953–1960^[2]

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	12 May 1944	Italy, 442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Distinguished Unit Citation	15 March 1945	Germany, 442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Air Force Meritorious Unit Award	15 June 2016–14 June 2017	442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron[25]
	Air Force Meritorious Unit Award	15 June 2018–29 April 2019	442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron[25]
	Air Force Meritorious Unit Award	1 May 2019–5 May 2020	442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron[25]
	Air Force Meritorious Unit Award	1 April 2020–10 June 2021	442nd Air Expeditionary Squadron[25]
	French Croix de Guerre with Palm	April, May, and June 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Tunisia	9 January 1943–13 May 1943	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Antisubmarine, EAME Theater	9 January 1943–April 1943	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	9 January 1943–11 May 1945	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Sicily	14 May 1943–17 August 1943	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Naples-Foggia	18 August 1943–21 January 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Anzio	22 January 1944–24 May 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Rome-Arno	22 January 1944–9 September 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Southern France	15 August 1944–14 September 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	North Apennines	10 September 1944–11 November 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Northern France	25 July 1944–14 September 1944	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Rhineland	11 November 1944–21 March 1945	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]
	Central Europe	22 March 1944–21 May 1945	442nd Bombardment Squadron[2]

See also

• List of Martin B-26 Marauder operators
• List of B-29 Superfortress operators
• List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. Approved 10 August 1953. Description: On a blue shaded disc, or globe, a blue left palm cut off at the wrist supporting a white globe marked with black meridian lines of latitude and longitude; the globe cross encircled by a red vapor track issuing from a stylized jet bomber bearing toward 3 o'clock in red.
2. During World War II, the 442nd Bombardment Squadron used an emblem depicting Donald Duck wearing an olive drab uniform running with a large red bomb under his arm. Watkins, pp. 84-85. This image is subject to copyright.
3. The 319th Bombardment Group suffered several losses on its ferry flight, as winter weather began to impact the northern ferry route and planes were delayed for weather or aircraft malfunctions. As a result, beginning with the 320th Group, further deployments of B-26 units to Europe travelled over the South Atlantic route, Freeman, pp. 15, 55.
4. Aircraft is Martin B-26G-5-MA Marauder, serial 43-34240. This aircraft was hit by German flak and exploded while attacking a roadblock near Covigliano, Italy on 23 August 1944. There were no survivors reported, though three parachutes were reported. Missing Aircrew Report 7997.
5. Aircraft is Boeing B-47B-50-BW Stratojet, serial 51-2307. This aircraft was retired to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center on 2 September 1960. It is now on display outside Grissom Air Reserve Base, Indiana, but carries the marking of another plane. Baugher, Joe (4 October 2023). "1951 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
6. Although the 320th Wing was a new organization, it later continued, through temporary bestowal, the history, and honors of the 320th Bombardment Group. This temporary bestowal ended in January 1984, when the wing and group were consolidated into a single unit.

Citations

1. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 547
2. Robertson, Patsy (23 August 2011). "Factsheet 442 Air Expeditionary Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
3. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 199-201
4. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 546-548
5. Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History:MacDill/Drane". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
6. Freeman, p. 255
7. Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Tafaroui". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
8. Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Decicomammu, Sardinia". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
9. Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Germany". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
10. See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 547 (no aircraft listed as assigned to the squadron from 1947 to 1949)
11. "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
12. Ravenstein, pp. 119-220
13. Ravenstein, pp. 170-172
14. Ravenstein, pp. 134-136
15. Narducci, p. 2
16. Narducci, p. 3
17. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
18. "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
19. Donaldson, Master Sgt. Araceli (14 June 2021). "443rd AES; Peace through power, their history lives on". US Air Forces Central. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
20. Station number in Anderson, p. 20.
21. Station number in Johnson, p. 51.
22. Station number in Johnson, p. 25.
23. Station number in Johnson, p. 29.
24. Station number in Johnson, p. 21.
25. "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 29 May 2024. (search)

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL yes: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
• Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen,PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-3401-6.