2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu

The 2019 elections for Tamil Nadu's 39 seats in the 17th Lok Sabha were held on 18 April, in the second phase of the 2019 Indian general elections. The alliance led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, won a landslide victory, taking 38 of the 39 seats.

Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2019

← 2014 18 April 2019 (38 Seats) 5 August 2019 (1 Seat) 2024 →
All 39 seats of Lok Sabha
Turnout	72.44%(1.22%)
First party Second party   Leader M. K. Stalin Edappadi K. Palaniswami Party DMK AIADMK Alliance SPA+UPA NDA+AIADMK+ Last election 0 37 Seats won 38 1 Seat change 38 36 Percentage 53.15% 30.56% Swing 27.4% 14.36%

ECI has announced that the by-election (2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections) for 18 assembly constituencies together with the general elections (18 constituencies polling date – 18 April 2019 and 4 Constituencies – 19 May 2019). The counting of votes was held on 23 May and results were published on the same day.

There are 39 Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu, with an average of 1.51 million voters in each one.

Seat allotments

United Progressive Alliance

Party		Flag	Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam			M. K. Stalin	20
	Indian National Congress			K. S. Alagiri	9
	Communist Party of India (Marxist)			K. Balakrishnan	2
	Communist Party of India			R. Mutharasan	2
	Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi			Thol. Thirumavalavan	2
	Indian Union Muslim League			K. M. Kader Mohideen	1
	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam			Vaiko	1
	Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi			E. R. Eswaran	1
	Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi			T. R. Paarivendhar	1

AIADMK-led Alliance

Party/Alliance		Flag	Election symbol	Leader	Photo	Contesting seats
	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam			O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami		20
	Pattali Makkal Katchi			S. Ramadoss		7
	Bharatiya Janata Party			Tamilisai Soundararajan		5
	Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam			Vijayakant		4
	Puthiya Needhi Katchi			A. C. Shanmugam		1
	Puthiya Tamilagam			K. Krishnasamy		1
	Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)			G. K. Vasan		1

AMMK – SDPI Front

Party		Flag	Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam			T. T. V. Dhinakaran	38
	Social Democratic Party of India				1

Non-aligned parties

Party			Flag	Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Naam Tamilar Katchi	NTK			Seeman	39
	Makkal Needhi Maiam	MNM			Kamal Haasan	36

Opinion polls

Date published	Polling agency			Others	Lead
		SPA	NDA
April 2019	Times Now-VMR	53.12%	39.61%	7.27%	13.51%

Date published	Polling agency			AMMK	Lead
		SPA	NDA
October 2018	Spick Media	25	6	7	19
March 2019	Times Now-VMR	34	5	0	29
March 2019	News Nation	24	15	NA	9
March 2019	India TV-CNX	22	15	2	7
April 2019	People studies-Loyola College	33	3–5	1–2	28
April 2019	Thanthi TV	23–31	9–17	0	14
April 2019	Republic TV	18–19	20–21	0	2
6 April 2019	IndiaTV-CNX	21	13	5	8
8 April 2019	Times Now-VMR	33	6	0	27
8 April 2019	PuthiyaThalaimurai TV	31–33	6–8	0	27

Exit polls

Polling Agency	SPA	NDA	AMMK	MNM	NTK
Thanthi TV	23	14	0	0	0
India Today	34–38	0–4	0	0	0
Times Now	29	9	0	0	0
People Political Predictions	25	4	9	0	0

Voter turnout

Date	State/UT	No. of. Seats	Turnout (%)[1]
18 April 2019	Tamil Nadu	39	72.44

Highest turnout in Dharmapuri constituency of 82.41% and the lowest is in Chennai South constituency of 57.07%.^[1]

Results

Coalition wise result

Alliance/Party				Seats			Popular vote
				Contested	Won	+/−	Votes	%	±pp[2]
	Secular Progressive Alliance		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	24	24	24	14,363,332	33.52%	9.61%
			Indian National Congress[3]	9	8	8	5,405,674	12.72%	8.35%
			Communist Party of India[4]	2	2	2	1,031,617	2.41%	1.86%
			Communist Party of India (Marxist)[5]	2	2	2	1,018,225	2.38%	1.83%
			Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi[4]	1	1	1	500,229	1.17%	0.34%
			Indian Union Muslim League[4]	1	1	1	469,943	1.09%	0.58%
			Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi[4]	1	1	1
			Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi[6]	1	1	1
			Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[7]	1	1	1
		Total		39	38	38	2,27,89,020	53.29%	7.55%
	National Democratic Alliance		All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[8]	20	1	36	8,307,345	19.39%	25.53%
			Pattali Makkal Katchi[9]	7	0	1	2,297,431	5.36%	0.85%
			Bharatiya Janata Party[8]	5	0	1	1,551,924	3.62%	1.94%
			Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam[9]	4	0		929,590	2.17%	3.02%
			Tamil Maanila Congress[8]	1	0		220,849	0.51%
		Total		38	1	38	1,33,07,139	31.05%
	AMMK–SDPI alliance		Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam	38	0
			Social Democratic Party of India	1	0		23,741	0.05%
-	-		Naam Tamilar Katchi	37	0		1,672,217	3.90%
	MNM Alliance		Makkal Needhi Maiam	36	0		1,575,640	3.67%	New

• VCK, IJK, MDMK and KMDK contested one seat in DMK's Rising Sun party symbol, therefore they will be considered as DMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit and will represent as DMK in Parliament

Detailed results

Constituency-wise results:^[10][11][12]

Constituency	Candidates
	SPA			NDA		AMMK	MNM		NTK		Winning candidate	Winning party	Margin
Arakkonam		DMK	S. Jagathrakshakan		PMK – A. K. Moorthy	N. G. Parthiban		N.Rajendran		Y.R.Pavendhan	S. Jagathrakshakan	DMK	328956
Arani		INC	Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad		AIADMK – Senji V. Ezhumalai	G. Senthamizhan		V.Shaji		A.Thamilarasi	Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad	INC	230806
Chennai (Central)		DMK	Dayanidhi Maran		PMK – S.R.Sam Paul	SDPI – Dehlan Baqavi		Kameela Nassar		R.Karthikeyan	Dayanidhi Maran	DMK	301520
Chennai (North)		DMK	Kalanidhi Veeraswamy		DMDK – R. Mohanraj	P.Santhana Krishnan		A.G. Mourya		P.Kaliyammaal	Kalanidhi Veeraswamy	DMK	461518
Chennai (South)		DMK	Thamizhachi Thangapandian		AIADMK – J. Jayavardhan	E. Subaya		R. Rangarajan		A.J.Sherine	Sumathy (A) Thamizachi Thangapandian	DMK	262223
Chidambaram (SC)		VCK	Thol. Thirumavalavan[13]		AIADMK – P. Chandrasekar	A. Elavarasan		T.Ravi		M.Siva Jothi	Thol. Thirumavalavan	VCK[13]	3219
Coimbatore		CPI(M)	P.R. Natarajan		BJP – C. P. Radhakrishnan	N. R. Appadurai		R.Mahendran		S.Kalyana Sundharam	P.R. Natarajan	CPI(M)	176918
Cuddalore		DMK	T.R.V.S. Ramesh		PMK – R. Govindasamy	K.Thangavel		V.Annamalai		R.Sithra	T.R.V.S. Ramesh	DMK	143983
Dharmapuri		DMK	S. Senthilkumar		PMK – Anbumani Ramadoss	P. Palaniappan		D.Rajashekar		R.Rukmini Devi	S. Senthil Kumar	DMK	70753
Dindigul		DMK	P. Veluchamy		PMK -K.Jothimuthu	P.Jothi Murugan		S.Sudhakaran		Mansoor Ali Khan	P. Veluchamy	DMK	538972
Erode		MDMK	A. Ganesha Murthi[14] (DMK[15][N 1])		AIADMK – G. Manimaran	K. C. Senthilkumar		A.Saravanakumar		M.C.Seetha Laxmi	A. Ganesha Murthi[14]	DMK[15][N 1]	210618
Kallakurichi		DMK	Pon.Gautham Sigamani		DMDK – L.K. Sudhish	M.Komugi Manian		H.Ganesh		S.Sharfudeen	Pon.Gautham Sigamani	DMK	399919
Kancheepuram (SC)		DMK	G. Selvam		AIADMK – K. Maragatham	A. Munusamy		---		D.Sivaranjani	G. Selvam	DMK	286632
Kanniyakumari		INC	H. Vasanthakumar		BJP – Pon Radhakrishnan	E.Lekshmanan		J.Ebenezer		V.Jainteen	H. Vasanthakumar	INC	259933
Karur		INC	S.Jothimani		AIADMK – M. Thambidurai	P.S.N.Thangavel		R.Hariharan		R.Karupriya	S.Jothimani	INC	420546
Krishnagiri		INC	A. Chellakumar		AIADMK – K. P. Munusamy	S. Ganesa kumar		Srikarunya Subramanyam		N.Madhusoodhanan	A. Chellakumar	INC	156765
Madurai		CPI(M)	S. Venkatesan		AIADMK – V.V.R. Raj Satyen	K. David Annadurai		P.Alagar		J.Pandiyammal	S. Venkatesan	CPI(M)	139395
Mayiladuthurai		DMK	S. Ramalingam		AIADMK – S. Aasaimani	S. Senthamizhan		M.Refayudeen		K.Shubashini	S. Ramalingam	DMK	261314
Nagapattinam (SC)		CPI	M.Selvaraj		AIADMK – M. Saravanan	T. Sengodi		K.Guruviah		P.Malathi	M.Selvaraj	CPI	209349
Namakkal		KDMK	A.K.P. Chinnaraj (DMK[16][N 1])		AIADMK -P. Kaliappan	P. P. Saminathan		R.Thangavelu		B.Bhaskar	A.K.P. Chinnaraj	DMK[16][N 1]	265151
Nilgiris (SC)		DMK	A Raja		AIADMK – M.Thyagarajan	M. Ramaswamy		N.Rajendran		---	A Raja	DMK	205823[17]
Perambalur		IJK	T.R.Paarivendhar (DMK[18][N 1])		AIADMK – N. R. Sivapathy	M. Rajasekaran		---		K.Santhi	T.R.Paarivendhar	DMK[18][N 1]	403518
Pollachi		DMK	K. Shamugasundaram		AIADMK – C. Mahendran	S. Muthukumar		R.Mookambikai		A.Sanuja	K. Shamugasundaram	DMK	173359
Ramanathapuram		IUML	Navaskani		BJP – Nainar Nagendran	V. T. N. Anandh		Vijaya Baskar		T.Bhuvaneshwari	Navaskani	IUML	126237
Salem		DMK	S. R. Parthiban		AIADMK – K. R. S. Saravanan	S. K. Selvam		M.Prabu Manikandan		A.Rasa	S. R. Parthiban	DMK	146926
Sivaganga		INC	Karti P Chidambaram		BJP – H. Raja	V. Pandi		Kavingnar Snehan		V.Sakthi Priya	Karti P Chidambaram	INC	332244
Sriperumbudur		DMK	T R Baalu		PMK – A. Vaithilingam	G. Tambaram Narayanan		M.Srithar		R.Mahendran	T R Baalu	DMK	484732
Tenkasi (SC)		DMK	Dhanush M Kumar		Puthiya Tamizhagam – K. Krishnasamy	S.Ponnuthai		K.Muneshwaran		S.S.Madhivanan	Dhanush M Kumar	DMK	120286
Thanjavur		DMK	S S Palanimanickam		TMC- N. R. Nadarajan	P. Murugesan		R.S. Sampath Ramadoss		N.Krishnakumar	S S Palanimanickam	DMK	368129
Theni		INC	EVKS Elangovan		AIADMK – P. Ravindhranath	Thanga Tamil Selvan		S. Radhakrishnan		Sagul Hameed	P. Ravindhranath	AIADMK	76672
Thiruvallur (SC)		INC	K.Jayakumar		AIADMK – P. Venugopal	Pon. Raja		M.Logarangan		M.Vetri Selvi	K.Jayakumar	INC	356955
Thoothukkudi		DMK	Kanimozhi Karunanidhi		BJP – Tamilisai Soundararajan	M. Bhuvaneswaran		T.P.S. Pon Kumaran		Christatine S. Rajasekar	Kanimozhi Karunanidhi	DMK	347209
Tiruchirappalli		INC	Su. Thirunavukkarasar		DMDK – V. Ilangovan	Sarubala R. Thondaiman		V.Anandha Raja		V.Vinoth	Su. Thirunavukkarasar	INC	459286
Tirunelveli		DMK	S. Gnanathiraviam		AIADMK – P. H. Paul Manoj Pandian	S. Michael Rayappan		M.Vennimalai		B.Sathya	S. Gnanathiraviam	DMK	185457
Tiruppur		CPI	K. Subbarayan		AIADMK – M. S. M. Anandan	S. R. Selvam		V.S.Chandrakumar		P.Jaganathan	K. Subbarayan	CPI	93368
Tiruvannamalai		DMK	C. N. Annadurai		AIADMK – Agri S.S. Krishnamoorthy	A.Gnanasekar		R.Arul		R.Ramesh Babu	C. N. Annadurai	DMK	304187
Vellore		DMK	D. M. Kathir Anand		Puthiya Neethi Katchi – A.C. Shanmugham	---		---		S.Deepalakshmi	D. M. Kathir Anand	DMK	8141
Villupuram (SC)		VCK	D. Ravikumar (DMK[13][N 1])		PMK – S. Vadivel Raavanan	N. Ganapathy (Vanur MLA)		S. Anbil Poyyamozhi		D.Pragalatha	D. Ravikumar	DMK[13][N 1]	128068
Virudhunagar		INC	Manickam Tagore		DMDK – R. Azhagarsamy	Paramasiva Iyyappan		V.Muniyasamy		K.Arunmozhi Thevan	Manickam Tagore	INC	154554

1. VCK, IJK, MDMK and KMDK contested one seat in DMK's Rising Sun party symbol, therefore they will be considered as DMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit and will represent as DMK in Parliament

Constituency-wise turnout and quick results

#	Constituency	Turnout[1]	Winner	Party		Margin
1	Thiruvallur (SC)	72.33	Dr. Jeyakumar		Indian National Congress	356,955
2	Chennai North	64.26	Kalanidhi Veeraswamy		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	461,518
3	Chennai South	57.07	Thamizhachi Thangapandian			262,223
4	Chennai Central	58.98	Dayanidhi Maran			301,520
5	Sriperumbudur	62.44	T R Baalu			484,732
6	Kancheepuram (SC)	75.31	G. Selvam			286,632
7	Arakkonam	78.65	S. Jagathrakshakan			328,956
8	Vellore	71.46	D. M. Kathir Anand[a]			8,141
9	Krishnagiri	75.95	A. Chellakumar		Indian National Congress	156,765
10	Dharmapuri	82.41	Dr. S. Senthil Kumar		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	70,753
11	Tiruvannamalai	78.15	Annadurai C N			304,187
12	Arani	79.01	Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad		Indian National Congress	230,806
13	Villupuram (SC)	78.66	D. Ravikumar		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	128,068
14	Kallakurichi	78.81	Pon. Gautham Sigamani			399,919
15	Salem	77.91	S. R. Parthiban			146,926
16	Namakkal	80.22	A. K. P. Chinraj			265,151
17	Erode	73.11	A. Ganesha Murthi			210,618
18	Tiruppur	73.21	K. Subbarayan		Communist Party of India	93,368
19	Nilgiris (SC)	74.01	A Raja		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	205,823
20	Coimbatore	63.86	P.R. Natarajan		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	176,918
21	Pollachi	71.15	K. Shamugasundaram		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	173,359
22	Dindigul	75.29	P. Veluchamy			538,972
23	Karur	79.55	S.Jothimani		Indian National Congress	420,546
24	Tiruchirappalli	69.50	Su. Thirunavukkarasar			459,286
25	Perambalur	79.26	T. R. Paarivendhar		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	403,518
26	Cuddalore	76.49	T.R.V.S. Ramesh			143,983
27	Chidambaram (SC)	77.98	Thol. Thirumavalavan		Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi	3,219
28	Mayiladuthurai	73.93	S. Ramalingam		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	261,314
29	Nagapattinam (SC)	76.93	M. Selvarasu		Communist Party of India	209,349
30	Thanjavur	72.55	S S Palanimanickam		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	368,129
31	Sivaganga	69.90	Karti P Chidambaram		Indian National Congress	332,244
32	Madurai	66.09	S. Venkatesan		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	139,395
33	Theni	75.27	P. Ravindhranath		All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	76,672
34	Virudhunagar	72.49	Manickam Tagore		Indian National Congress	154,554
35	Ramanathapuram	68.40	Navaskani		Indian Union Muslim League	126,237
36	Thoothukkudi	69.48	Kanimozhi Karunanidhi		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	347,209
37	Tenkasi (SC)	71.43	Dhanush M Kumar			120,286
38	Tirunelveli	67.22	S. Gnanathiraviam			185,457
39	Kanniyakumari	69.83	H. Vasanthakumar		Indian National Congress	259,933

Direction Tamil Nadu result

Northern Tamil Nadu

Sr.no	Seats Won
1.	Thiruvallur (SC)	K. Jeyakumar		Indian National Congress
2.	Chennai North	Kalanidhi Veeraswamy		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3.	Chennai South	Thamizhachi Thangapandian
4.	Chennai Central	Dayanidhi Maran
5.	Sriperumbudur	T R Baalu
6.	Kancheepuram (SC)	G. Selvam
7.	Arakkonam	S. Jagathrakshakan
8.	Vellore	D. M. Kathir Anand
9.	Tiruvannamalai	Annadurai C N
10.	Kallakurichi	Pon. Gautham Sigamani
11.	Villupuram (SC)	D. Ravikumar		Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
12	Arani	Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad		Indian National Congress

Western Tamil Nadu

Sr.no	Seats Won
1.	Krishnagiri	A. Chellakumar		Indian National Congress
2.	Dharmapuri	Dr. S. Senthil Kumar		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3.	Salem	S. R. Parthiban
4.	Namakkal	A. K. P. Chinraj
5.	Erode	A. Ganesha Murthi
6.	Tiruppur	K. Subbarayan		Communist Party of India
7.	Coimbatore	P.R. Natarajan		Communist Party of India (Marxist)
8.	Nilgiris (SC)	A Raja		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
9.	Karur	S.Jothimani		Indian National Congress
10.	Dindigul	P. Veluchamy		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
11.	Pollachi	K. Shamugasundaram

Southern Tamil Nadu

Sr.no	Seats Won
1.	Madurai	S. Venkatesan		Communist Party of India (Marxist)
2.	Sivaganga	Karti P Chidambaram		Indian National Congress
3.	Virudhunagar	Manickam Tagore
4.	Theni	P. Ravindhranath		All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
5.	Ramanathapuram	Navaskani		Indian Union Muslim League
6.	Thoothukkudi	Kanimozhi Karunanidhi		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
7.	Tenkasi (SC)	Dhanush M Kumar
8.	Tirunelveli	S. Gnanathiraviam
9.	Kanniyakumari	H. Vasanthakumar		Indian National Congress

Central Tamil Nadu

Sr.no	Seats Won
1.	Tiruchirappalli	Su. Thirunavukkarasar		Indian National Congress
2.	Perambalur	T. R. Paarivendhar		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3.	Cuddalore	T.R.V.S. Ramesh
4.	Chidambaram (SC)	Thol. Thirumavalavan		Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
5.	Mayiladuthurai	S. Ramalingam		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
6.	Thanjavur	S S Palanimanickam
7.	Nagapattinam (SC)	M. Selvarasu		Communist Party of India

Assembly segments-wise lead of parties

Party		Assembly segments	Position in Assembly (as of 2021 election)
	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	138	133
	Indian National Congress	49	18
	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	12	66
	Communist Party of India	12	2
	Communist Party of India (Marxist)	12	2
	Indian Union Muslim League	5	0
	Pattali Makkal Katchi	3	5
	Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi	2	4
	Bharatiya Janata Party	1	4
Total		234

See also

• 2019 Indian general election in Puducherry
• Elections in Tamil Nadu

Notes

1. Elections in Vellore constituency were held later in August 2019 and won by DMK.^[19]

References

1. "Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 5 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
2. "17. State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties". Election Commission of India. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
3. "Congress, DMK Announce Alliance For 2019 General Elections". NDTV. 20 February 2019.
4. "DMK signs seat-sharing pacts with three allies". The Hindu. 5 March 2019.
5. "Lok Sabha elections: DMK allocates two seats to CPM". The Times of India. 5 March 2019.
6. Sivakumar, B (26 February 2019). "DMK gives one Lok Sabha seat to KMDK". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
7. "DMK completes seat sharing with alliance partners for Lok Sabha polls 2019". India Today. 5 March 2019.
8. "AIADMK gives a seat to TMC for LS polls". The Hindu. 14 March 2019.
9. ""Will Sweep Elections": BJP, AIADMK Join Hands For Lok Sabha Polls". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
10. "திமுக கூட்டணிக் கட்சிகளுக்கு கேட்ட தொகுதிகள் கிடைத்ததா?- ஒரு பார்வை". The Indian Express. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
11. "அதிமுக கூட்டணி கட்சியினர் போட்டியிடும் தொகுதிகள் அறிவிப்பு". Dinamalar. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
12. "விசிக வேட்பாளர் பட்டியல் வெளியீடு". Dinamalar. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
13. "In T.N., VCK adopts 'split' symbol policy". The Hindu. 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
14. "ஈரோடு தொகுதியில் போட்டியிடும் மதிமுக வேட்பாளர் அறிவிப்பு". இந்து தமிழ் திசை. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
15. S.P.Saravanan (23 May 2019). "DMK front registers thumping victory in Erode". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
16. "KMDK candidate to contest on 'Rising Sun'". The Hindu. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
17. "General Election 2019 – Election Commission of India". results.eci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
18. "Stalin Steers DMK To Success in Lok Sabha Polls". The Hindu. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
19. "DMK's Kathir Anand wins Vellore Lok Sabha seat by margin of over 8,000 votes". India Today. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

Further reading

• "Tamil Nadu: With 'Brahminical' BJP by its side, AIADMK bets on PMK base to bridge caste gap". The Indian Express. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.