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General elections were held in Brazil on 7 October 2018 to elect the president, National Congress and state governors. As no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a runoff round was held on 28 October.
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Presidential election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 79.67% (first round) 78.70% (second round)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 257 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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54 of the 81 seats in the Senate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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The election occurred during a tumultuous time in Brazilian politics. Narrowly re-elected in 2014,[2] President Dilma Rousseff of the centre-left Workers’ Party (PT), which had dominated Brazilian politics since 2002, was impeached in 2016.[3] Replacing her was her Vice President, Michel Temer of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.[4] Temer, whose age of 75 at inauguration made him the oldest to ever take office, broke sharply with his predecessor's policies and amended the constitution to freeze public spending.[5] He was extraordinarily unpopular, reaching an approval rating of 7% versus 76% in favor of his resignation.[6] Despite mass demonstrations against his governance, including a 2017 general strike and a 2018 truck drivers’ strike, Temer refused to step down and served the duration of his term in office.[7] Due to being convicted of breaking campaign finance laws, Temer was ineligible to run in 2018.[8]
The candidacy of Jair Bolsonaro, a controversial federal deputy from Rio de Janeiro known for his far-right politics[9][10][11][12] and defense of the former Brazilian military dictatorship,[13][9][14] overshadowed other conservative candidates. Noted for his vehement opposition to abortion[15] and same-sex marriage,[16][17] Bolsonaro joined the small Social Liberal Party (PSL) to mount his bid for the presidency, shifting the party's ideology in favor of social conservatism and nationalism.[18][19] Bolsonaro benefited from opposition to the former PT government and ran in favor of expanding gun ownership in response to high crime,[20] legalizing the death penalty,[21] and the privatization of state-owned companies.[22][23] For the position of Vice President, Bolsonaro chose Hamilton Mourão, a conservative retired general in the Brazilian Army.[24] During the campaign, Bolsonaro was the subject of widespread protests for his homophobic,[25] racist,[26] and misogynistic[27] beliefs. Former Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin, who ran as a member of the previously dominant centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), received the worst result for a presidential nominee of his party in Brazilian history.
Former President Lula da Silva, who left office in 2011 with high approval ratings,[28][29] intended to run for president as the candidate of the PT with former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad as his running-mate.[30] Polling taken during the campaign found Lula as the favorite in both the first and second rounds of the election.[31][32] However, Lula's 2017 conviction on corruption charges barred him from running.[33][34] Haddad, who was largely unknown to Brazilian voters at the time,[35][36] was chosen to run in his place, with Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) deputy Manuela d’Avila of Rio Grande do Sul serving as his running mate.[37] His major opponent on the left was Ciro Gomes, a mainstay of Brazilian politics who ran a centre-left campaign as a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT).[38] Following Haddad's advancement to the second round, Ciro did not endorse his campaign, though he did signal opposition to Bolsonaro.[39]
The campaign was marked by political violence, with Bolsonaro being a victim of a stabbing attack at a campaign rally in Minas Gerais[40] and supporters of both Haddad and Bolsonaro falling victim to politically-motivated attacks.[41] Fake news spread on popular messaging app WhatsApp was a focal point of election coverage, with disinformation spread on the app being blamed for influencing voting intentions.[42] In the first round of the election, Bolsonaro received approximately 46% of the vote to Haddad's 29%, with Ciro coming in third place with over 12% of the vote. In the second round, Bolsonaro defeated Haddad by approximately ten percentage points, with the deputy receiving over 55% of the vote to less than 45% for Haddad. Bolsonaro took office on 1 January 2019 as President of Brazil.
The 2014 elections saw Workers' Party candidate Dilma Rousseff reelected as President in the second round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating Aécio Neves of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party who received 48.4% of the vote.[2] Rousseff had first been elected in the 2010 elections, succeeding her political mentor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who was in office from 2003 until 2011.[43]
However, on 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies.[44] On 12 May 2016, the Federal Senate temporarily suspended Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reached a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged.[45] Vice President Michel Temer, of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension.[46][47] On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office.[48][49] Critics of the impeachment saw it as a legislative coup d'état.[50] Vice President Temer succeeded Rousseff as the 37th President of Brazil. His government implemented policies that contradicted the platform on which Rousseff's Workers Party had been elected, in one of the most controversial and heated political periods of modern Brazilian history.[51]
Temer was barred from running for a full term in 2018. He had been convicted of campaign law violations in 2016, and was banned from holding any political office for eight years.[52] He was likely ineligible for a full term in any case due to the manner in which constitutional provisions on term limits are worded. The constitution stipulates that if the Vice President becomes Acting President for any reason, it counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms. This applies even when the Vice President becomes Acting President whenever the President is abroad.
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Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years of age and mandatory for those between 18 and 70 years of age.[53] Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) must pay a fine of 3.51 BRL (equivalent to 0.90 USD in October 2018).[54][55] Brazilian citizens residing abroad only vote for president.[56]
The President and the Vice President of Brazil are elected using the two-round system. Citizens may field their candidacies for the presidency, and participate in the general elections, which are held on the first Sunday in October (in this instance, 7 October 2018).[57] Candidates receiving more than 50% of the overall vote are declared elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, a second round of voting is held on the last Sunday in October (in this instance, 28 October 2018). In the second round, only the two most-voted candidates from the first round may participate. The winner of the second round is elected President of Brazil. Candidates for President run for office jointly with a candidate for Vice-President, and the Vice-President is elected as a consequence of the election of the President.[58]
The Governors and Vice Governors of all states and of the Federal District are elected in the same way as the president, using two rounds of voting if necessary.[59]
In 2018, two-thirds of the 81 members of the Federal Senate were elected for a term of 8 years in office, the other third having been elected in 2014. Two candidates will be elected from each of the states and Federal District using majority block voting, with voters able to cast two votes each.[60]
All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies) are elected, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and Federal District, varying in size from eight to 70 seats. The Chamber elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[61]
All members of the State Legislative Assemblies (state deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (district deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will be elected. These elections are also held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[62]
| Party | Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate[a] | Coalition | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_logo.svg){kind=logo} Workers' Party (PT 13) |
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Fernando Haddad (campaign) Mayor of São Paulo (2013–2017) Minister of Education (2005–2012) |
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Manuela d'Ávila (PCdoB) State Deputy of Rio Grande do Sul (2015–2019) Federal Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul (2007–2015) |
The People Happy Again: | |
 Social Liberal Party (PSL 17) |
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Jair Bolsonaro (campaign) Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (1991–2019) |
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Hamilton Mourão (PRTB) | Brazil Above Everything, God Above Everyone:
| |
On 1 September, the Superior Electoral Court voted 6–1 to reject Lula's candidacy for what would be his third term based on the Lei da Ficha Limpa and his conviction on corruption charges, but approved the PT-PCdoB-PROS coalition "The People Happy Again" and the candidacy of Fernando Haddad.[119] The Workers' Party replaced Lula with Haddad and announced former presidential candidate Manuela d'Ávila as his running mate.[120]
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Jair Bolsonaro was stabbed on 6 September 2018 while campaigning in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and interacting with supporters.[121] Bolsonaro's son, Flávio, stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in hospital.[122] Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira, who claimed that he was "ordered by God to carry out the attack".[123] Flávio Bolsonaro later stated that the wounds inflicted seemed worse than initially thought. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation reached part of the liver, the lung and part of the intestine. He also stated that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with a pressure of 10/3, but had since stabilized.[121][124][125] Most of the other candidates in the presidential race as well as and the then-Brazilian president, Michel Temer, condemned the attack.[126] After being stabbed, Bolsonaro did not attend any further debates.[127]
Two debates were held on 9 and 17 August, featuring eight presidential candidates: Bolsonaro, Alckmin, Silva, Gomes, Dias, Meirelles, Boulos, and Daciolo. Lula was unable to participate in the debates.[128] The 9 August debate was moderated by Ricardo Boechat,[129] and the 17 August debate was moderated by Amanda Klein, Boris Casoy and Mariana Godoy.[130]
A debate scheduled for 27 August[131] was canceled after Jair Bolsonaro expressed his uncertainty about participating in the debates and the Workers' Party insisted on the participation of Lula, prohibited by the Electoral Justice.[132] Bolsonaro did not participate in further debates after he was attacked on 6 September.[133]
After a debate on 9 September moderated by Maria Lydia Flândoli,[134] Fernando Haddad participated in all remaining debates. These occurred on 20 September (moderated by Joyce Ribeiro),[135] 26 September (moderated by Carlos Nascimento),[136] 30 September (moderated by Adriana Araújo and Celso Freitas),[137] and 4 October (moderated by William Bonner).[138]
A vice presidential debate was held on 5 September featuring four candidates; Fernando Haddad did not attend.[139]
While several debates were scheduled for the second round, none were held. Debates planned for 12 October,[140] 14 October,[141] and 15 October[142] were cancelled due to Bolsonaro's health issues. A debate scheduled for 21 October[143] was cancelled after the campaigns were unable to agree to terms.
| Department | Bolsonaro | Haddad | Gomes | Alckmin | Others | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
| Acre | 262,508 | 62.24% | 78,170 | 18.53% | 21,809 | 5.17% | 33,115 | 7.85% | 26,176 | 6.21% | ||||
| Alagoas | 528,355 | 34.40% | 687,247 | 44.75% | 155,457 | 10.12% | 58,580 | 3.81% | 106,107 | 6.92% | ||||
| Amapá | 166,935 | 40.74% | 134,287 | 32.77% | 50,553 | 12.34% | 19,241 | 4.70% | 38,741 | 9.45% | ||||
| Amazonas | 805,902 | 43.48% | 746,998 | 40.30% | 138,997 | 7.50% | 29,190 | 1.57% | 132,504 | 7.15% | ||||
| Bahia | 1,725,140 | 23.41% | 4,441,955 | 60.28% | 693,273 | 9.41% | 172,900 | 2.35% | 335,277 | 4.55% | ||||
| Ceará | 1,061,075 | 21.74% | 1,616,492 | 33.12% | 1,998,597 | 40.95% | 53,157 | 1.09% | 150,834 | 3.10% | ||||
| Federal District | 936,494 | 58.37% | 90,508 | 11.87% | 266,272 | 16.60% | 53,640 | 3.34% | 157,603 | 9.82% | ||||
| Espírito Santo | 1,122,131 | 54.76% | 495,868 | 24.20% | 195,553 | 9.54% | 79,049 | 3.86% | 156,547 | 7.64% | ||||
| Goiás | 1,868,686 | 57.24% | 713,535 | 21.86% | 280,864 | 8.60% | 146,440 | 4.49% | 255,264 | 7.81% | ||||
| Maranhão | 817,511 | 24.28% | 2,062,592 | 61.26% | 282,467 | 8.39% | 50,653 | 1.50% | 153,648 | 4.57% | ||||
| Mato Grosso | 981,119 | 60.04% | 404,604 | 24.76% | 91,344 | 5.59% | 67,498 | 4.13% | 89,571 | 5.48% | ||||
| Mato Grosso do Sul | 769,116 | 55.06% | 333,407 | 23.87% | 112,296 | 8.04% | 90,897 | 6.51% | 91,229 | 6.52% | ||||
| Minas Gerais | 5,308,047 | 48.31% | 3,037,957 | 27.65% | 1,278,819 | 11.64% | 506,490 | 4.61% | 856,301 | 7.79% | ||||
| Pará | 1,499,294 | 36.19% | 1,714,822 | 41.39% | 415,593 | 10.03% | 229,122 | 5.53% | 283,904 | 6.86% | ||||
| Paraíba | 677,718 | 31.30% | 984,398 | 45.46% | 362,775 | 16.75% | 51,334 | 2.37% | 89,319 | 4.12% | ||||
| Paraná | 3,496,448 | 56.89% | 1,210,974 | 19.70% | 510,541 | 8.31% | 220,744 | 3.59% | 706,982 | 11.51% | ||||
| Pernambuco | 1,444,685 | 30.57% | 2,309,104 | 48.87% | 640,860 | 13.56% | 77,987 | 1.65% | 252,580 | 5.35% | ||||
| Piauí | 346,944 | 18.76% | 1,172,147 | 63.40% | 211,240 | 11.42% | 47,974 | 2.59% | 70,638 | 3.83% | ||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 5,107,735 | 59.79% | 1,255,425 | 14.69% | 1,300,292 | 15.22% | 208,325 | 2.44% | 671,616 | 7.86% | ||||
| Rio Grande do Norte | 541,448 | 30.21% | 738,165 | 41.19% | 399,766 | 22.31% | 40,405 | 2.25% | 72,469 | 4.04% | ||||
| Rio Grande do Sul | 3,353,623 | 52.63% | 1,453,291 | 22.81% | 724,429 | 11.37% | 350,800 | 5.50% | 490,293 | 7.69% | ||||
| Rondônia | 538,311 | 62.24% | 176,107 | 20.36% | 52,118 | 6.03% | 37,048 | 4.28% | 61,317 | 7.09% | ||||
| Roraima | 174,306 | 62.97% | 49,406 | 17.85% | 14,838 | 5.36% | 19,231 | 6.95% | 19,007 | 6.87% | ||||
| Santa Catarina | 2,603,665 | 65.82% | 598,578 | 15.13% | 264,312 | 6.68% | 154,068 | 3.89% | 335,160 | 8.48% | ||||
| São Paulo (state) | 12,378,012 | 53.00% | 3,833,982 | 16.42% | 2,650,440 | 11.35% | 2,224,049 | 9.52% | 2,266,296 | 9.71% | ||||
| Sergipe | 310,310 | 27.21% | 571,234 | 50.09% | 148,526 | 13.02% | 45,978 | 4.03% | 64,332 | 5.65% | ||||
| Tocantins | 337,782 | 44.64% | 311,212 | 41.12% | 54,262 | 7.17% | 21,666 | 2.86% | 31,838 | 4.21% | ||||
| Diaspora | 113,690 | 58.79% | 19,540 | 10.10% | 28,073 | 14.52% | 6,668 | 3.45% | 25,410 | 13.14% | ||||
| Source: G1 | ||||||||||||||
| Department | Bolsonaro | Haddad | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
| Acre | 294,899 | 77.22% | 86,977 | 22.78% | ||||
| Alagoas | 610,093 | 40.08% | 912,034 | 59.92% | ||||
| Amapá | 185,096 | 50.20% | 183,616 | 49.80% | ||||
| Amazonas | 885,401 | 50.27% | 875,845 | 49.73% | ||||
| Bahia | 2,060,382 | 27.31% | 5,484,901 | 72.69% | ||||
| Ceará | 1,384,591 | 28.89% | 3,407,526 | 71.11% | ||||
| Federal District | 1,080,411 | 69.99% | 463,340 | 30.01% | ||||
| Espírito Santo | 1,276,611 | 63.06% | 747,768 | 36.94% | ||||
| Goiás | 2,124,739 | 65.52% | 1,118,060 | 34.48% | ||||
| Maranhão | 886,565 | 26.74% | 2,428,913 | 73.26% | ||||
| Mato Grosso | 1,085,824 | 66.42% | 549,001 | 33.58% | ||||
| Mato Grosso do Sul | 872,049 | 65.22% | 465,025 | 34.78% | ||||
| Minas Gerais | 6,100,107 | 58.19% | 4,382,952 | 41.81% | ||||
| Pará | 1,742,188 | 45.19% | 2,112,769 | 54.81% | ||||
| Paraíba | 782,143 | 35.02% | 1,451,293 | 64.98% | ||||
| Paraná | 4,224,416 | 68.43% | 1,948,790 | 31.57% | ||||
| Pernambuco | 1,661,163 | 33.50% | 3,297,944 | 66.50% | ||||
| Piauí | 422,095 | 22.95% | 1,417,113 | 77.05% | ||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 5,669,059 | 67.95% | 2,673,386 | 32.05% | ||||
| Rio Grande do Norte | 652,562 | 36.59% | 1,131,027 | 63.41% | ||||
| Rio Grande do Sul | 3,893,737 | 63.24% | 2,263,171 | 36.76% | ||||
| Rondônia | 594,968 | 72.18% | 229,343 | 27.82% | ||||
| Roraima | 183,268 | 71.55% | 72.872 | 28.45% | ||||
| Santa Catarina | 2,966,242 | 75.92% | 940,724 | 24.08% | ||||
| São Paulo (state) | 15,306,023 | 67.97% | 7,212,132 | 32.03% | ||||
| Sergipe | 364,860 | 32.46% | 759,061 | 67.54% | ||||
| Tocantins | 356,684 | 48.98% | 371,593 | 51.02% | ||||
| Diaspora | 131,671 | 71.02% | 53,730 | 28.98% | ||||
| Source: G1 | ||||||||
| Demographic group | Bolsonaro | Haddad | % of total vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total vote | 55 | 45 | 100 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Men | 60 | 40 | 47 | |
| Women | 50 | 50 | 53 | |
| Age | ||||
| 16–24 years old | 50 | 50 | 15 | |
| 25–34 years old | 56 | 44 | 21 | |
| 35-44 years old | 56 | 44 | 21 | |
| 45-59 years old | 54 | 46 | 24 | |
| 60 and older | 56 | 44 | 19 | |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 44 | 56 | 33 | |
| High school diploma | 58 | 42 | 43 | |
| Bachelor's degree or more | 61 | 39 | 24 | |
| Family income | ||||
| Under 2x min wage | 42 | 58 | 40 | |
| 2-5x min wage | 61 | 39 | 38 | |
| 5-10x min wage | 69 | 31 | 12 | |
| Over 10x min wage | 67 | 33 | 10 | |
| Region | ||||
| Southeast | 63 | 37 | 44 | |
| South | 65 | 35 | 15 | |
| Northeast | 32 | 68 | 27 | |
| Central-West | 66 | 34 | 7 | |
| North | 55 | 45 | 7 | |
| Source: Datafolha | ||||
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