2016 Cypriot legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Cyprus on 22 May 2016 to elect 56 of the 80 Members of the House of Representatives.

2016 Cypriot legislative election

← 2011 22 May 2016 2021 →
56 of 80 seats in the House of Representatives
First party Second party Third party   Leader Averof Neophytou Andros Kyprianou Nikolas Papadopoulos Party DISY AKEL DIKO Leader since 2013 2009 2013 Last election 20 seats, 34.3% 19 seats, 32.7% 9 seats, 15.8% Seats won 18 16 9 Seat change 2 3 0 Popular vote 107,825 90,204 50,923 Percentage 30.7% 25.7% 14.5% Swing 3.6pp 7.0pp 1.3pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Marinos Sizopoulos Giorgos Lillikas Eleni Theocharous Party EDEK SYPOL Solidarity Leader since 2015 2013 2016 Last election 5 seats, 8.9% Did not stand Did not stand Seats won 3 3 3 Seat change 2 3 1 Popular vote 21,732 21,114 18,424 Percentage 6.2% 6.0% 5.2% Swing 2.7pp 6.0pp 5.2pp   Seventh party Eighth party   Leader George Perdikes Christos Christou Party KOSP ELAM Leader since 2011 2008 Last election 1 seat, 2.2% 0 seats, 1.1% Seats won 2 2 Seat change 1 2 Popular vote 16,909 13,041 Percentage 4.8% 3.7% Swing 2.6pp 2.6pp
Results by district
President of the House of Representatives before election Yiannakis Omirou EDEK Elected President of the House of Representatives Demetris Syllouris Solidarity

Results by locality.

Political system

Main article: Politics of Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus is a unitary republic with a presidential system of government. The President of Cyprus, directly elected in the middle of the legislative term, is both head of state and head of government, presiding over the executive Council of Ministers. The multi-member proportional elections to the House of Representatives however accommodate a multi-party system, where the elected president's party usually joins forces with smaller parties to form a joint coalition government that usually adapts to parliamentary shifts after legislative elections.

Electoral system

Main article: Elections in Cyprus

The 80 seats in the House of Representatives are elected from six multi-member constituencies, with the number of seats allocated according to the population of each area. Of the 80 seats, 56 are elected by Greek Cypriots and 24 by Turkish Cypriots. However, due to the partition of the island in 1974, the 24 Turkish Cypriot seats are unfilled and the House of Representatives has de facto had 56 seats since its enlargement in the 1980s.

The elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the Hare quota. Any remaining seats are allocated to lists that won at least one seat or parties that received at least 3.6% of the vote.^[1] In the open list system, voters first select the list they want to vote for, and then select a number of candidates equal to a quarter of the number of seats in the constituency. Party leaders or other candidates heading coalitions are not required to receive preferential votes to be elected.^[2] Although compulsory voting had not been formally abolished at the time the elections took place (it was abolished in 2017), the law had not been enforced for years.^[3]

Background

2011

The previous legislative election took place on 22 May 2011. President Demetris Christofias of the communist Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) had led a coalition consisting of his party as well as the centrist Democratic Party (DIKO) and the social-democratic Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK) since his election in 2008.

After three years in power, AKEL scored 32.7% in the 2011 legislative elections, narrowly behind the opposition center-right Democratic Rally, which polled 34.3% of votes. Meanwhile, AKEL's partners DIKO and EDEK scored 15.8% and 8.9% respectively. A mere two months after the legislative election, the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion took place, triggering calls for President Christofias' resignation.

2013

Amidst widespread dissatisfaction and a deepening economic crisis, Christofias announced that he would not run for a second term in the presidential election in 2013.^[4] Ultimately, Nicos Anastasiades of DISY emerged victorious in the presidential election, taking 45.5% of the vote, against 26.9% for the AKEL-backed Stavros Malas and the EDEK-backed Giorgos Lillikas. In the second round, Anastasiades captured 57.5% to 42.5% for Malas. The Anastasiades administration took office on 28 February 2013, comprising DISY, DIKO and the European Party (EVROKO). The Democrats later pulled out of the coalition, however.^[5]

2014

Roughly a year into the presidency of Nicos Anastasiades, the Cypriot parties faced the electorate in European Parliament elections. Ahead of the election, DISY and EVROKO announced that they would participate in the election on a joint ticket; the social democrats in EDEK and the Ecological and Environmental Movement (KOP) also formed an electoral pact for the event. With the economic problems the country faced under Demetris Christofias' AKEL-led government fresh in the minds of voters, the party plummeted to 27.0% of the vote, a loss of 8.4% points. Meanwhile, the DISY-EVROKO pact garnered 37.8%. This election also served as the first electoral test of the Citizens' Alliance (SYPOL) party of former presidential candidate Giorgos Lillikas, which polled 6.8% but failed to win seats in the European Parliament. The decline of AKEL and the rise of anti-establishment parties continued into 2015 and 2016.^[6]

2016

Mere months before the 2016 legislative election, ex-DISY MEP Eleni Theocharous launched a splinter party, in opposition to Anastasiades' approach to the Cyprus issue.^[7] She advocated for tighter co-operation with other parties particularly DIKO and EDEK. The new party was dubbed the Solidarity Movement. On 11 March 2016, it was announced that EVROKO would merge into the new party, placing its candidates on its lists in the upcoming elections.^[8]

Parties and leaders

Party		Ideology	Leader
	Democratic Rally (DISY)	Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy	Averof Neophytou
	Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL)	Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Cypriot nationalism	Andros Kyprianou
	Democratic Party (DIKO)	Greek Cypriot nationalism, Centrism	Nikolas Papadopoulos
	Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK)	Greek Cypriot nationalism, Social democracy	Marinos Sizopoulos
	Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation (KOSP)	Green politics, Social democracy	George Perdikes
	National Popular Front (ELAM)	Ultranationalism	Christos Christou
	Citizens' Alliance (SYPOL)	Populism, Social democracy	Giorgos Lillikas
	Solidarity Movement (KA)	National conservatism, Euroscepticism	Eleni Theocharous

Electoral campaigns

A televised debate of DISY leader Averof Neophytou, AKEL leader Andros Kyprianou and DIKO leader Nicolas Papadopoulos on 18 May 2016 turned into a heated exchange on economy issues and the question of reunification. Papadopoulos claimed that "behind closed doors", AKEL was trying to resurrect the 2004 Annan plan that was turned down by the Greek side in a referendum. While Neophytou and Papadopoulos criticized AKEL's judgment of the economic situation ahead of the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, Kyprianou recalled his two rivals' assessments at that time. Back then in October 2008, Neophytou had expected things to go "very well", though "based on overconsumption", while Papadopoulos had gone even further off the mark stating: "Yes, our economy will be impacted, but certainly not our financial system, which is one of the most resilient in the world."^[9]

Opinion polls

Date	Polling Firm	DISY	AKEL	DIKO	EDEK	EVROKO	KOP	ELAM	SYPOL	KA	Others	Lead
13 May 2016	Symmetron / Marc	31.8	26.0	13.7	5.7	with KA	5.2	3.3	6.1	5.6	2.6	5.8
5–11 May 2016	Cypronetwork	32.2	25.5	14.2	5.7	with KA	5.4	3.2	6.1	4.2	3.5	6.7
5–10 May 2016	IMR	35.8	29.2	13.1	5.1	with KA	4.4	2.2	5.1	5.1	0.0	6.6
4–7 May 2016	PMR & C	31.5	24.9	14.3	6.0	with KA	4.4	3.3	6.6	4.3	4.7	6.6
26 Apr–3 May 2016	IMR	31.7	26.6	13.7	6.3	with KA	4.8	2.0	6.7	6.3	2.0	5.1
14–20 Apr 2016	IMR	33.8	26.2	12.7	6.2	with KA	4.0	2.7	6.6	5.3	2.5	7.6
8–18 Apr 2016	IMR	35.1	25.4	13.4	6.7	with KA	4.5	2.2	6.0	4.5	2.2	9.7
16 April 2016	Kathimerini	34.7	24.0	14.1	6.1	with KA	5.3	2.9	7.3	3.8	1.8	10.7
11–16 Apr 2016	PMR & C	31.9	24.8	13.8	6.0	with KA	4.7	2.6	6.8	4.4	5.0	7.1
3 April 2016	IMR	37.0	27.8	11.1	5.6	with KA	3.7	1.9	7.4	3.7	1.8	9.2
14–19 Mar 2016	PMR & C	31.9	25.9	12.8	6.3	with KA	5.0	2.5	6.5	4.4	4.7	6.0
25 Feb–2 Mar 2016	IMR	33.1	25.5	10.0	5.5	1.7	4.1	2.8	6.4	6.6	4.3	7.6
15–19 Feb 2016	PMR & C	34.0	24.7	13.7	6.0	2.1	4.6	3.3	6.2	–	5.4	9.3
13–17 Jul 2015	GPO	33.1	30.8	12.5	7.2	1.5	3.0	1.8	7.8	–	2.3	2.3
22 May	Election 2011	34.3	32.7	15.8	8.9	3.9	2.2	1.1	—	—	1.1	1.6

Exit polls

Election day exit polls^[10]

TV channel	DISY	AKEL	DIKO	EDEK	KOP	KA	SYPOL	ELAM
CyBC	29.5 – 32.5	26.5–29.5	12–14	5–7	4–5	4–7	5–7	3.5–4.5
ANT1	29.5 – 33.5	25.5–29.5	12.5 –14.5	5.3–6.7	3.3–4.7	3.8–5.2	4.5–5.7	3.5–4.5
MEGA	30.5 – 33.5	26–29	11.5–14	4.5–6.6	3.5–4.5	3.5–4.5	4.5–6.6	2.5–4.5
Sigma	29 – 34	24–29	12–15	4–6.5	3.5–6	4.5–7	4.5–7	3–5.5

Results

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Rally	107,825	30.69	18	–2
	Progressive Party of Working People	90,204	25.67	16	–3
	Democratic Party	50,923	14.49	9	0
	Movement for Social Democracy	21,732	6.18	3	–2
	Citizens' Alliance	21,114	6.01	3	New
	Solidarity Movement	18,424	5.24	3	New
	Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation	16,909	4.81	2	+1
	National Popular Front	13,041	3.71	2	+2
	Animal Party Cyprus	4,088	1.16	0	New
	People's Breath	3,072	0.87	0	New
	Flag Social Movement	2,033	0.58	0	New
	Union of Fighters for Justice	983	0.28	0	New
	Independents	1,041	0.30	0	0
Total		351,389	100.00	56	0
Valid votes		351,389	96.92
Invalid/blank votes		11,153	3.08
Total votes		362,542	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		543,186	66.74
Source: Ministry of Interior

By district

Constituency	DISY			AKEL			DIKO			EDEK			Citizens' Alliance			Solidarity Movement			Greens			ELAM			Others			T/o
	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S	#	%	S
Nicosia	35,867	29.25	6	29,288	23.89	5	16,323	13.31	3	8,301	6.77	1	7,457	6.08	1	6,919	5.64	1	9,096	7.42	2	4,265	3.48	1	5,086	4.15	0	65.50
Kyrenia	5,195	28.60	2	4,692	25.83	1	3,511	19.33	0	789	4.34	0	1,153	6.35	0	645	3.55	0	911	5.01	0	594	3.27	0	676	3.72	0	65.57
Famagusta	27,538	38.24	4	22,098	30.69	3	6,480	9.00	1	2,663	3.70	0	3,359	4.66	1	2,888	4.01	1	2,464	3.42	0	2,596	3.60	1	1,929	2.68	0	67.14
Larnaca	10,449	28.38	2	10,811	29.36	2	5,776	15.69	2	2,280	6.19	0	2,038	5.54	0	2,077	5.64	0	1,080	2.93	0	1,205	3.27	0	1,104	3.00	0	67.94
Limassol	21,876	30.48	3	17,893	24.93	4	11,533	16.07	2	3,077	4.29	1	5,184	7.22	1	5,254	7.32	1	2,681	3.74	0	2,421	3.37	0	1,846	2.57	0	66.09
Paphos	6,900	22.98	1	5,422	18.06	1	7,300	24.32	1	4,622	15.40	1	1,923	6.41	0	641	2.14	0	677	2.26	0	1,960	6.53	0	576	1.92	0	72.31

Analysis and reception

The election had the lowest turnout for a legislative election in the history of the Republic of Cyprus. "General apathy with public affairs, but likewise frustration with the credit crunch and disappointment with politicians" was cited in the Cyprus Mail for the low turnout, whilst political analyst Hubert Faustmann cited "dissatisfaction of the public with the bigger parties" and "that parliamentary elections in Cyprus are not that important, given the weakness of the Cypriot parliament". AKEL was seen as the biggest loser of the election, possible reasons being cited as the party's failure to take up a "proactive" role and continued disillusionment with the Christofias administration. In contrast, an AKEL member, Irini Charalambidou, gained the highest number of votes for any candidate, following her stark critique of and fight against failing banks. The results were interpreted as a weakening of the front calling for a federal solution by the Turkish Cypriot press and political analyst Louis Igoumenides. Whilst the pro-solution parties, DISY and AKEL, still received a combined 56% of the votes against 40% obtained by anti-solution parties, in the case of a referendum the "yes" vote was expected by Igoumenides to be much lower, partly due to the refusal of fanatic voters of DISY and AKEL to collaborate.^[11][12]

In terms of economics, the Anastasiades government became dependent on smaller parties to pass important reforms. This was expected to impede the ability of the government to pass these reforms, economic analyst Fiona Mullen said "I think we can forget privatization altogether".^[13] This was also the first time the far-right party ELAM entered the parliament. Anti-racist NGO KISA called upon political parties in the parliament to counter ELAM and stated its "concern over the number of absentee voters and the rightward drift of the electorate towards political parties that espouse racism and nationalism" and Turkish Cypriot daily Diyalog called the party "terrorist".^[14][12]

Cypriot electoral expert Yiannis Mavris said: "The electoral results herald a new political era for Cyprus. New small parties seem to be here to stay and will be exerting continuous pressure on traditional parties, which may find it difficult to win back their voters."^[15]

References

1. "Electoral threshold at 3.6%". InCyprus. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
2. Electoral system IPU
3. "Government abolishes compulsory voting". Cyprus Mail. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
4. Michele Kambas (14 May 2012). "Cyprus president says will not seek re-election". Reuters. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
5. "DIKO decides to leave Cyprus government coalition". Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
6. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. "Theocharous unveils Solidarity platform to 'save Republic'". Cyprus Mail. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
8. "EVROKO to merge with Theocharous' Solidarity movement (Update)". Cyprus Mail. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
9. Angelos Anastasiou (19 May 2016). "Election campaign heats up on economy issues". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
10. "First exit polls indicate an eight-party House". Cyprus Mail. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
11. "Cyprus parliamentary vote puts far-right in parliament". Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
12. Hazou, Elias (23 May 2016). "Election outcome doesn't bode well for settlement, political observer says". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
13. "Cyprus's Anastasiades Sees Support Cut in Parliamentary Vote". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
14. "KISA calls on parties to counter ELAM". Cyprus Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
15. "News Analysis: Cypriot traditional parties count their losses in parliamentary election". Xinhua News Agency. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.