1990 Dushanbe riots

The 1990 Dushanbe riots marked a period of heightened civil disobedience and inter-ethnic violence in the capital city of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union. Existing tensions over lacking economic and political reforms were exacerbated by the arrival of Armenian refugees from the Azerbaijan SSR due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The mass movement of Tajik nationalists (e.g., the Rastokhez), anti-communists, and Islamists targeted ethnic minorities, such as Armenians, Russians, Jews, as well as unaffiliated Tajiks—namely women who did not conform to Islamic clothing standards. By late 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union gave way to the Republic of Tajikistan declaring independence, though this was followed by the Tajikistani Civil War less than a year later.

1990 Dushanbe riots
Part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union
BMPs blocking off protesters in the city's main thoroughfare following the imposition of martial law, 14 February 1990
Date	12–14 February 1990
Location	Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union 38°32′12″N 68°46′48″E
Caused by	Local anti-Armenian sentiment and Tajik anti-communist nationalism
Resulted in	Outbreak of the Tajikistani Civil War in 1992
Parties
Tajik nationalists Rastokhez Tajik Islamists  Soviet Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union KGB MVD Internal Troops OMON Communist Party of Tajikistan SCNS
Lead figures
Tohir Abdujabbor Izatullo Khayoyev Qahhor Mahkamov Yaqub Salimov
Casualties
Death(s)	26
Injuries	565
Dushanbe Location within Tajikistan Show map of Tajikistan Dushanbe Location within the Soviet Union Show map of the Soviet Union

Causes

Armenian refugees

In 1988, in the aftermath of the Sumgait pogrom and anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan, 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were temporarily resettled in Dushanbe.^[1] In 1990, the Armenian influx became a subject of the rumour that triggered riots in Dushanbe.^[2] The rumour inflated the number of refugees to 2,500–5,000.^[1] According to rumour Armenians allegedly were being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe,^[1] which was experiencing an acute housing shortage at that time.^[1][3] Despite the fact that Armenian refugees resettled not in public housing but with their relatives, and by 1990 had already left Tajikistan for Armenia,^[1] official denouncement of the rumours was not able to stop the protests. Assurances by First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan Qahhor Mahkamov that no resettlement of Armenians were taking place were rejected by the demonstrators.^[4]

Economy, politics, and Islam

Soon, demonstrations sponsored by the nationalist Rastokhez movement turned violent.^[4] Radical economical and political reforms were demanded by the protesters.^[4] Government buildings, shops and other businesses were attacked and looted. Armenians, Russians,^[5] and other ethnic minorities were targeted. Abuse of Tajik women wearing European clothes in public also took place. The riots were put down by Soviet troops called into Dushanbe^[6] by Mahkamov. However Mahkamov's over-reliance on military force was criticized by Buri Karimov, a deputy chair of Council of Ministers, who called for the resignation of the leadership of the Tajik Communist Party. On February 14, 1990 Mahkamov and Prime Minister of Tajikistan Izatullo Khayoyev submitted their resignations, but they were not accepted by the Central Committee of the Tajik Communist Party.^[4]

Riots and other Central Asian SSRs

During the Dushanbe riots, a period lasting a couple of days, 26 people were killed and 565 were injured.^[4] Among the Tajik youth activists convicted for participation in the riots was a future minister of the interior of Tajikistan Yaqub Salimov.^[7] Smaller scale anti-Armenian incidents were also recorded in neighboring Turkmenistan.^[8]

Aftermath

Main article: Tajikistani Civil War

Tajikistan would declare independence on 9 December 1991, from the collapsing Soviet Union. In 1992, a civil war would begin in the newly independent nation.

References

1. Horowitz, Donald L. (2002). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-520-23642-4. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
2. Michael Waller; Bruno Coppieters; Alekseĭ Vsevolodovich Malashenko, eds. (1998). Conflicting Loyalties and the State in Post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia. Routledge. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0-7146-4882-5.
3. Payin, Emil. "Settlement of ethnic conflicts in post-Soviet society". United Nations University Press. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
4. Takeyh, Ray; Nikolas K. Gvosdev (2004). The Receding Shadow of the Prophet. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97629-7.
5. Kolstø, Pål; Andrei Edemsky (1995). Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. Indiana University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-253-32917-5.
6. Collins, Kathleen (2006). Clan politics and regime transition in Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155. ISBN 0-521-83950-5. Retrieved 23 October 2008. Dushanbe riots islamists.
7. ГАФАРЛЫ, МЕХМАН (25 February 2004). На родину в наручниках Россия экстрадировала в Душанбе бывшего главу МВД Таджикистана Якуба Салимова (in Russian). Novye Izvestiya. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
8. Allworth, Edward (1994). Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. Duke University Press. pp. 586–587. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1. Retrieved 23 October 2008.