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The 1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 5, 1968. Mississippi voters chose seven electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President. During the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement dictated Mississippi's politics, with effectively the entire white population vehemently opposed to federal policies of racial desegregation and black voting rights.[2][3] In 1960, the state had been narrowly captured by a slate of unpledged Democratic electors,[c] but in 1964 universal white opposition to the Civil Rights Act and negligible black voter registration[d] meant that white Mississippians turned almost unanimously to Republican Barry Goldwater (apart from a small number in the northeast of the state opposed to Goldwater's strong fiscal conservatism).[4] Goldwater's support for "constitutional government and local self-rule"[5] meant that the absence from the ballot of "states' rights" parties or unpledged electors was unimportant. The Arizona Senator was one of only six Republicans to vote against the Civil Rights Act,[6] and so the small electorate of Mississippi supported him almost unanimously.
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Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, federal examiners registered Mississippi blacks as voters in large numbers: African American registration rose from under seven percent to over fifty-nine percent between mid-1965 and 1968.[7] Extreme anger ensued among white Mississippians, because black voting in significant numbers would threaten the entire social fabric of the Black Belt[8] and was even feared by the few upcountry whites who had stayed loyal to Johnson.[9] The anger of Mississippi's whites was seen in the 1967 Democratic gubernatorial primary, when both Black Belt whites and their traditional foes in the upcountry supported conservative John Bell Williams against William Winter, whom it was believed was favored by the newly registered black voters, although no politician in the state would yet openly court black support.[10]
In addition, the Twenty-Fourth Amendment and resultant abolition of Mississippi's poll tax had allowed large increases in both white and black voter registration,[11] with some of these drives run by white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. Consequently, when segregationist former and future Alabama Governor George Wallace announced in early 1968 that he would mount a third-party candidacy for the Presidency, he had a powerful base in the Deep South. Meanwhile, the Republican Party, under new RNC Chairman Ray C. Bliss, had of necessity moved away from the strident conservatism of Goldwater.[12]
Given Wallace's reputation on racial issues, it was inevitable that he would be endorsed by Mississippi's established Democratic Party leadership, and this happened in September.[13] William Winter, the losing candidate for Governor the previous year, did support Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey, but knew that it would be too risky to actively campaign for him.[14] By August, it was widely accepted that Wallace would carry Mississippi by a large margin,[15] as apart from a small number of wealthy urban communities he had captured a virtual monopoly of the state's white electorate. Wallace was the only candidate to campaign in the state.[13] Nixon only received 13% of the vote, making Mississippi his worst state in the election.[16] 83% of white voters supported Wallace, 17% supported Nixon, and 0% supported Humphrey.[17][18][19]
The following newspapers gave these predictions about how Mississippi would vote in the 1968 presidential election:
| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Fort Worth Star-Telegram[20] | Safe I (Flip) | September 14, 1968 |
| Pensacola News Journal[21] | Safe I (Flip) | September 23, 1968 |
| Daily Press[22] | Certain I (flip) | October 11, 1968 |
| The Charlotte News[23] | Certain I (Flip) | October 12, 1968 |
| The Record[24] | Likely I (Flip) | October 21, 1968 |
| Shreveport Times[25] | Safe I (Flip) | November 3, 1968 |
| The Selma Times-Journal[26] | Safe I (Flip) | November 3, 1968 |
| Fort Lauderdale News[27] | Safe I (Flip) | November 4, 1968 |
| 1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi[16] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| American Independent | George C. Wallace | 415,349 | 63.46% | 7 | |
| Democratic | Hubert Humphrey | 150,644 | 23.02% | 0 | |
| Republican | Richard Nixon | 88,516 | 13.52% | 0 | |
| Totals | 654,509 | 100.00% | 7 | ||
| Voter turnout (Voting age/Registered voters) | 53%/84% | ||||
| County | George Wallace American Independent |
Hubert Humphrey Democratic |
Richard Nixon Republican |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 6,812 | 50.46% | 5,214 | 38.62% | 1,475 | 10.93% | 1,598 | 11.84% | 13,501 |
| Alcorn | 6,304 | 68.63% | 1,122 | 12.21% | 1,760 | 19.16% | 4,544[e] | 49.47% | 9,186 |
| Amite | 3,206 | 62.47% | 1,533 | 29.87% | 393 | 7.66% | 1,673 | 32.60% | 5,132 |
| Attala | 4,776 | 68.59% | 1,588 | 22.81% | 599 | 8.60% | 3,188 | 45.78% | 6,963 |
| Benton | 1,630 | 61.16% | 850 | 31.89% | 185 | 6.94% | 780 | 29.27% | 2,665 |
| Bolivar | 5,018 | 43.62% | 4,696 | 40.82% | 1,790 | 15.56% | 322 | 2.80% | 11,504 |
| Calhoun | 4,823 | 87.80% | 276 | 5.02% | 394 | 7.17% | 4,429[e] | 80.63% | 5,493 |
| Carroll | 2,131 | 66.72% | 925 | 28.96% | 138 | 4.32% | 1,206 | 37.76% | 3,194 |
| Chickasaw | 4,062 | 78.68% | 720 | 13.95% | 381 | 7.38% | 3,342 | 64.73% | 5,163 |
| Choctaw | 2,543 | 80.20% | 417 | 13.15% | 211 | 6.65% | 2,126 | 67.05% | 3,171 |
| Claiborne | 1,143 | 32.64% | 2,129 | 60.79% | 230 | 6.57% | -986 | -28.15% | 3,502 |
| Clarke | 4,214 | 78.18% | 878 | 16.29% | 298 | 5.53% | 3,336 | 61.89% | 5,390 |
| Clay | 3,505 | 63.62% | 1,510 | 27.41% | 494 | 8.97% | 1,995 | 36.21% | 5,509 |
| Coahoma | 3,671 | 33.69% | 5,352 | 49.11% | 1,875 | 17.20% | -1,681 | -15.42% | 10,898 |
| Copiah | 4,951 | 59.09% | 2,724 | 32.51% | 704 | 8.40% | 2,227 | 26.58% | 8,379 |
| Covington | 3,668 | 76.35% | 691 | 14.38% | 445 | 9.26% | 2,977 | 61.97% | 4,804 |
| DeSoto | 5,346 | 64.13% | 1,898 | 22.77% | 1,092 | 13.10% | 3,448 | 41.36% | 8,336 |
| Forrest | 9,975 | 61.48% | 2,957 | 18.22% | 3,294 | 20.30% | 6,681[e] | 41.18% | 16,226 |
| Franklin | 2,429 | 70.57% | 782 | 22.72% | 231 | 6.71% | 1,647 | 47.85% | 3,442 |
| George | 3,992 | 91.20% | 214 | 4.89% | 171 | 3.91% | 3,778 | 86.31% | 4,377 |
| Greene | 2,744 | 82.53% | 449 | 13.50% | 132 | 3.97% | 2,295 | 69.03% | 3,325 |
| Grenada | 4,335 | 61.03% | 2,050 | 28.86% | 718 | 10.11% | 2,285 | 32.17% | 7,103 |
| Hancock | 4,072 | 67.41% | 904 | 14.96% | 1,065 | 17.63% | 3,007[e] | 49.78% | 6,041 |
| Harrison | 18,157 | 62.08% | 4,549 | 15.55% | 6,542 | 22.37% | 11,615[e] | 39.71% | 29,248 |
| Hinds | 32,366 | 53.29% | 14,880 | 24.50% | 13,488 | 22.21% | 17,486 | 28.79% | 60,734 |
| Holmes | 3,008 | 40.60% | 3,881 | 52.38% | 520 | 7.02% | -873 | -11.78% | 7,409 |
| Humphreys | 2,151 | 59.29% | 1,219 | 33.60% | 258 | 7.11% | 932 | 25.69% | 3,628 |
| Issaquena | 534 | 48.33% | 527 | 47.69% | 44 | 3.98% | 7 | 0.64% | 1,105 |
| Itawamba | 5,204 | 84.07% | 417 | 6.74% | 569 | 9.19% | 4,635[e] | 74.88% | 6,190 |
| Jackson | 15,261 | 74.67% | 2,236 | 10.94% | 2,942 | 14.39% | 12,319[e] | 60.28% | 20,439 |
| Jasper | 3,100 | 69.51% | 987 | 22.13% | 373 | 8.36% | 2,113 | 47.38% | 4,460 |
| Jefferson | 1,112 | 32.90% | 2,121 | 62.75% | 147 | 4.35% | -1,009 | -29.85% | 3,380 |
| Jefferson Davis | 2,614 | 59.73% | 1,465 | 33.48% | 297 | 6.79% | 1,149 | 26.25% | 4,376 |
| Jones | 12,276 | 68.22% | 2,476 | 13.76% | 3,242 | 18.02% | 9,034[e] | 50.20% | 17,994 |
| Kemper | 2,530 | 75.48% | 655 | 19.54% | 167 | 4.98% | 1,875 | 55.94% | 3,352 |
| Lafayette | 3,329 | 54.20% | 1,578 | 25.69% | 1,235 | 20.11% | 1,751 | 28.51% | 6,142 |
| Lamar | 4,422 | 83.14% | 351 | 6.60% | 546 | 10.27% | 3,876[e] | 72.87% | 5,319 |
| Lauderdale | 14,842 | 72.88% | 3,195 | 15.69% | 2,328 | 11.43% | 11,647 | 57.19% | 20,365 |
| Lawrence | 2,825 | 72.55% | 740 | 19.00% | 329 | 8.45% | 2,085 | 53.55% | 3,894 |
| Leake | 4,568 | 72.32% | 1,295 | 20.50% | 453 | 7.17% | 3,273 | 51.82% | 6,316 |
| Lee | 9,232 | 67.55% | 1,912 | 13.99% | 2,522 | 18.45% | 6,710[e] | 49.10% | 13,666 |
| Leflore | 5,732 | 49.28% | 4,386 | 37.71% | 1,514 | 13.02% | 1,346 | 11.57% | 11,632 |
| Lincoln | 7,276 | 73.36% | 1,585 | 15.98% | 1,057 | 10.66% | 5,691 | 57.38% | 9,918 |
| Lowndes | 6,829 | 61.94% | 2,229 | 20.22% | 1,968 | 17.85% | 4,600 | 41.72% | 11,026 |
| Madison | 4,071 | 43.02% | 4,515 | 47.72% | 876 | 9.26% | -444 | -4.70% | 9,462 |
| Marion | 5,848 | 70.18% | 1,722 | 20.66% | 763 | 9.16% | 4,126 | 49.52% | 8,333 |
| Marshall | 2,794 | 44.50% | 2,907 | 46.30% | 577 | 9.19% | -113 | -1.80% | 6,278 |
| Monroe | 7,856 | 74.61% | 1,506 | 14.30% | 1,167 | 11.08% | 6,350 | 60.31% | 10,529 |
| Montgomery | 2,988 | 68.55% | 896 | 20.56% | 475 | 10.90% | 2,092 | 47.99% | 4,359 |
| Neshoba | 6,417 | 82.11% | 867 | 11.09% | 531 | 6.79% | 5,550 | 71.02% | 7,815 |
| Newton | 5,561 | 80.57% | 799 | 11.58% | 542 | 7.85% | 4,762 | 68.99% | 6,902 |
| Noxubee | 2,040 | 55.75% | 1,387 | 37.91% | 232 | 6.34% | 653 | 17.84% | 3,659 |
| Oktibbeha | 4,127 | 57.09% | 1,826 | 25.26% | 1,276 | 17.65% | 2,301 | 31.83% | 7,229 |
| Panola | 4,133 | 51.83% | 2,743 | 34.40% | 1,098 | 13.77% | 1,390 | 17.43% | 7,974 |
| Pearl River | 6,050 | 73.12% | 926 | 11.19% | 1,298 | 15.69% | 4,752[e] | 57.43% | 8,274 |
| Perry | 2,541 | 79.23% | 439 | 13.69% | 227 | 7.08% | 2,102 | 65.54% | 3,207 |
| Pike | 5,846 | 57.57% | 2,848 | 28.05% | 1,460 | 14.38% | 2,998 | 29.52% | 10,154 |
| Pontotoc | 4,798 | 78.27% | 599 | 9.77% | 733 | 11.96% | 4,065[e] | 66.31% | 6,130 |
| Prentiss | 5,055 | 81.30% | 440 | 7.08% | 723 | 11.63% | 4,332[e] | 69.67% | 6,218 |
| Quitman | 2,443 | 55.79% | 1,502 | 34.30% | 434 | 9.91% | 941 | 21.49% | 4,379 |
| Rankin | 9,224 | 74.85% | 1,975 | 16.03% | 1,124 | 9.12% | 7,249 | 58.82% | 12,323 |
| Scott | 5,093 | 75.30% | 1,067 | 15.77% | 604 | 8.93% | 4,026 | 59.53% | 6,764 |
| Sharkey | 1,188 | 49.32% | 972 | 40.35% | 249 | 10.34% | 216 | 8.97% | 2,409 |
| Simpson | 5,064 | 72.16% | 1,079 | 15.37% | 875 | 12.47% | 3,985 | 56.79% | 7,018 |
| Smith | 4,367 | 84.70% | 352 | 6.83% | 437 | 8.48% | 3,930[e] | 76.22% | 5,156 |
| Stone | 2,140 | 78.91% | 314 | 11.58% | 258 | 9.51% | 1,826 | 67.33% | 2,712 |
| Sunflower | 3,932 | 51.94% | 2,602 | 34.37% | 1,036 | 13.69% | 1,330 | 17.57% | 7,570 |
| Tallahatchie | 3,076 | 59.96% | 1,477 | 28.79% | 577 | 11.25% | 1,599 | 31.17% | 5,130 |
| Tate | 2,810 | 61.39% | 1,162 | 25.39% | 605 | 13.22% | 1,648 | 36.00% | 4,577 |
| Tippah | 4,627 | 78.70% | 663 | 11.28% | 589 | 10.02% | 3,964 | 67.42% | 5,879 |
| Tishomingo | 4,569 | 82.41% | 358 | 6.46% | 617 | 11.13% | 3,952[e] | 71.28% | 5,544 |
| Tunica | 783 | 33.62% | 1,133 | 48.65% | 413 | 17.73% | -350 | -15.03% | 2,329 |
| Union | 5,198 | 76.78% | 624 | 9.22% | 948 | 14.00% | 4,250[e] | 62.78% | 6,770 |
| Walthall | 3,186 | 66.29% | 1,233 | 25.66% | 387 | 8.05% | 1,953 | 40.63% | 4,806 |
| Warren | 7,217 | 51.14% | 4,503 | 31.91% | 2,392 | 16.95% | 2,714 | 19.23% | 14,112 |
| Washington | 6,300 | 41.12% | 5,520 | 36.03% | 3,500 | 22.85% | 780 | 5.09% | 15,320 |
| Wayne | 4,089 | 80.57% | 739 | 14.56% | 247 | 4.87% | 3,350 | 66.01% | 5,075 |
| Webster | 3,398 | 84.46% | 295 | 7.33% | 330 | 8.20% | 3,068[e] | 76.26% | 4,023 |
| Wilkinson | 1,503 | 38.35% | 2,144 | 54.71% | 272 | 6.94% | -641 | -16.36% | 3,919 |
| Winston | 4,635 | 76.56% | 911 | 15.05% | 508 | 8.39% | 3,724 | 61.51% | 6,054 |
| Yalobusha | 2,725 | 65.50% | 873 | 20.99% | 562 | 13.51% | 1,852 | 44.51% | 4,160 |
| Yazoo | 4,939 | 61.28% | 2,163 | 26.84% | 958 | 11.89% | 2,776 | 34.44% | 8,060 |
| Totals | 415,349 | 63.46% | 150,644 | 23.02% | 88,516 | 13.52% | 264,705 | 40.44% | 654,509 |
Wallace won all 5 congressional districts, all of which were held by Democrats.[28] Wallace would win every congressional district in Mississippi which also happened in Alabama.[29]
| District | Wallace | Humphrey | Nixon | Representative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 60.4% | 26.1% | 13.6% | Thomas Abernethy |
| 2nd | 63.3% | 22.9% | 13.8% | Jamie Whitten |
| 3rd | 54.7% | 29.6% | 15.8% | Charles H. Griffin |
| 4th | 68.6% | 22.5% | 8.9% | Sonny Montgomery |
| 70.1% | 14.7% | 15.2% | William M. Colmer |
This was the second presidential election in which Richard Nixon came in third place in Mississippi. Humphrey improved upon the support gained by Johnson, but this was entirely due to the huge increases in black voter registration – exit polls and later analysis suggest the national Democratic nominee received less than 3 percent of the white vote.[30] In fact, so marked was the reversal of voting patterns from the previous five presidential elections that Humphrey did worst in the counties where Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Adlai Stevenson II and Harry S. Truman had run best.[31]
With 63.46 percent of the popular vote, Mississippi would prove to be Wallace's second strongest state in the 1968 election after neighboring Alabama.[32]
As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which the following counties did not vote for the Republican presidential candidate: Forrest, Lowndes, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lincoln, Newton, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Harrison, Jackson, Choctaw, Jones, and Smith.[33]
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