1924 United States Senate elections

The 1924 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate which coincided with the election of Republican President Calvin Coolidge to a full term. The 32 seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The strong economy and Coolidge's popularity helped Republican candidates increase their majority by three. Republicans would gain another seat through mid-term vacancies bringing their seat share to 56-39-1.

1924 United States Senate elections

← 1922 November 4, 1924 1926 →
← 1923 (MN, VT) 1925 (WI) →
32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Henry Cabot Lodge (unofficial) Joseph Robinson Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1919 December 3, 1923 Leader's seat Massachusetts Arkansas Seats before 51 43 Seats after 55 40 Seat change 4 3 Seats up 17 14 Seats won 21 11   Third party   Party Farmer–Labor Seats before 2 Seats after 1 Seat change 1 Seats up 1 Seats won 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Henry Cabot Lodge Republican Elected Majority Leader Charles Curtis Republican

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

Three Republicans and two Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Colorado (special)	Alva B. Adams	Rice W. Means
Connecticut	Frank B. Brandegee	Hiram Bingham III
Oklahoma	Robert L. Owen	William B. Pine
Rhode Island	LeBaron B. Colt	Jesse H. Metcalf
West Virginia	Davis Elkins	Guy D. Goff

Defeats

Four Democrats, four Republicans, and one Farmer-Labor sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Delaware	L. Heisler Ball	T. Coleman du Pont
Illinois	Medill McCormick	Charles S. Deneen
Kentucky	Augustus O. Stanley	Frederic M. Sackett
Massachusetts	David I. Walsh	Frederick H. Gillett
Minnesota	Magnus Johnson	Thomas D. Schall
New Mexico	Holm O. Bursum	Sam G. Bratton
South Carolina	Nathaniel B. Dial	Cole L. Blease
South Dakota	Thomas Sterling	William H. McMaster
Tennessee	John K. Shields	Lawrence Tyson

Post-election Changes

State	Senator	Replaced by
Iowa (class 2)	Smith W. Brookhart	Daniel F. Steck
Iowa (class 3)	Albert B. Cummins	David W. Stewart
Indiana	Samuel M. Ralston	Arthur R. Robinson
Maine	Bert M. Fernald	Arthur R. Gould
Missouri	Selden P. Spencer	George H. Williams
Wisconsin	Robert M. La Follette	Robert M. La Follette Jr.

Change in composition

Before the elections

At the beginning of 1924.

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28
D38 N.C. Ran	D37 Mont. Ran	D36 Miss. Ran	D35 Mass. Ran	D34 La. Ran	D33 Ky. Ran	D32 Ga. Ran	D31 Colo. (sp) Retired	D30 Ark. Ran	D29 Ala. Ran
D39 Okla. Retired	D40 S.C. Ran	D41 Tenn. Ran	D42 Texas Ran	D43 Va. Ran	FL1	FL2 Minn. Ran	R51 Wyo. Ran	R50 W.Va. Hold	R49 S.D. Ran
Majority →
R39 Iowa Ran	R40 Kan. Ran	R41 Maine Ran	R42 Mich. (reg) Mich. (sp) Ran	R43 Neb. Ran	R44 N.H. Ran	R45 N.J. Ran	R46 N.M. Ran	R47 Ore. Ran	R48 R.I. (reg) R.I. (sp) Died
R38 Ill. Ran	R37 Idaho Ran	R36 Del. Ran	R35 Conn. (sp) Died	R34 Colo. (reg) Ran	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29
R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28
R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Elections results

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28
D38 Tenn. Hold	D37 S.C. Hold	D36 N.C. Re-elected	D35 N.M. Gain	D34 Mont. Re-elected	D33 Miss. Re-elected	D32 La. Re-elected	D31 Ga. Re-elected	D30 Ark. Re-elected	D29 Ala. Re-elected
D39 Texas Re-elected	D40 Va. Re-elected	FL1	R55 Wyo. Re-elected	R54 W.Va. Hold	R53 S.D. Hold	R52 R.I. (reg) R.I. (sp) Elected[lower-alpha 1]	R51 Ore. Re-elected	R50 Okla. Gain	R49 N.J. Re-elected
Majority →
R39 Ill. Hold	R40 Iowa Re-elected	R41 Kan. Re-elected	R42 Ky. Gain	R43 Maine Re-elected	R44 Mass. Gain	R45 Mich. (reg) Mich. (sp) Elected[lower-alpha 1]	R46 Minn. Gain	R47 Neb. Re-elected	R48 N.H. Re-elected
R38 Idaho Re-elected	R37 Del. Hold	R36 Conn. (sp) Hold	R35 Colo. (sp) Gain	R34 Colo. (reg) Re-elected	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29
R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28
R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Key	D# Democratic FL# Farmer–Labor R# Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 68th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1924 or before March 4, 1925; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Colorado (Class 3)	Alva B. Adams	Democratic	1923 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired to run for the Class 2 seat, see below. New senator elected November 4, 1924. Republican gain.	▌Y Rice W. Means (Republican) 50.2% ▌Morrison Shafroth (Democratic) 43.7% ▌Charles T. Phelps (Independent) 5.5% ▌Clyde Robinson (Independent) 0.6%
Michigan (Class 2)	James Couzens	Republican	1922 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 4, 1924.	▌Y James Couzens (Republican) 74.3% ▌Mortimer E. Cooley (Democratic) 24.6%[1] Others ▌Frank E. Titus (Prohibition) 0.7% ▌Logan M. Cunningham (Socialist Labor) 0.3% ▌Albert L. Day (Socialist) 0.1%
Rhode Island (Class 2)	LeBaron B. Colt	Republican	1913 1918	Incumbent died August 18, 1924. New senator elected November 4, 1924. Republican hold. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Jesse H. Metcalf (Republican) 56.4% ▌William S. Flynn (Democratic) 42.6% Others ▌James P. Reid (Workers) 0.6% ▌Edward M. Sullivan (Liberal Independent) 0.4%
Connecticut (Class 3)	Frank B. Brandegee	Republican	1905 (special) 1909 1914 1920	Incumbent died October 14, 1924. New senator elected December 16, 1924. Republican hold.	▌Y Hiram Bingham III (Republican) 60.4% ▌Hamilton Holt (Democratic) 38.6% ▌Martin Plunkett (Democratic) 1.0%

Elections leading to the 69th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1925; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	J. Tom Heflin	Democratic	1920 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y J. Tom Heflin (Democratic) 75.2% ▌F. H. Lathrop (Republican) 24.8%
Arkansas	Joseph T. Robinson	Democratic	1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph T. Robinson (Democratic) 73.5% ▌Charles F. Cole (Republican) 26.5%
Colorado	Lawrence C. Phipps	Republican	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Lawrence C. Phipps (Republican) 50.2% ▌Alva B. Adams (Democratic) 43.9% ▌Morton Alexander (Independent) 5.0% Others ▌Elwood Hillis (Independent) 0.5% ▌James Albert Ayres (Independent) 0.4%
Delaware	L. Heisler Ball	Republican	1903 (special) 1906 (lost) 1918	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y T. Coleman du Pont (Republican) 59.4% ▌James M. Tunnell (Democratic) 40.6%
Georgia	William J. Harris	Democratic	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William J. Harris (Democratic) Unopposed
Idaho	William Borah	Republican	1907 1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Borah (Republican) 79.5% ▌Frank Martin (Democratic) 20.1% ▌Eugene F. Gary (Democratic) 0.4%
Illinois	Medill McCormick	Republican	1918	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold. Incumbent then died and winner was appointed to finish the current term.	▌Y Charles S. Deneen (Republican) 63.5% ▌Albert A. Sprague (Democratic) 35.4% Others ▌George Koop (Socialist) 0.8% ▌Albert Wirth (Socialist Labor) 0.1% ▌J. Louis Engdahl (Workers) 0.1% ▌Lewis D. Spaulding (Socialist) 0.0% ▌Parke Longworth (Independent) 0.0%
Iowa	Smith W. Brookhart	Republican	1922 (special)	Incumbent re-elected. Election was later successfully challenged after the new senator had been seated.[2]	▌Y Smith W. Brookhart (Republican) 50.0% ▌Daniel F. Steck (Democratic) 49.8% Others ▌Luther Brewer (Ind. Republican) 0.1% ▌L. E. Eickelberg (Independent) 0.1%
Kansas	Arthur Capper	Republican	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Arthur Capper (Republican) 70.1% ▌James Malone (Democratic) 25.2% ▌Fred J. Farley (Independent) 3.8% ▌S. O. Coble (Socialist) 0.9%
Kentucky	Augustus O. Stanley	Democratic	1918	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Frederic M. Sackett (Republican) 51.6% ▌Augustus O. Stanley (Democratic) 48.4%
Louisiana	Joseph E. Ransdell	Democratic	1912 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph E. Ransdell (Democratic) Unopposed
Maine	Bert M. Fernald	Republican	1916 (special) 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Bert M. Fernald (Republican) 60.4% ▌Fulton J. Redman (Democratic) 28.2%
Massachusetts	David I. Walsh	Democratic	1918	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Frederick H. Gillett (Republican) 50.3% ▌David I. Walsh (Democratic) 48.6% ▌Antoinette Konikow (Workers) 1.1%
Michigan	James Couzens	Republican	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Couzens (Republican) 74.3% ▌Mortimer E. Cooley (Democratic) 24.6% Others ▌Frank E. Titus (Prohibition) 0.7% ▌Logan M. Cunningham (Socialist Labor) 0.3% ▌Albert L. Day (Socialist) 0.1%
Minnesota	Magnus Johnson	Farmer–Labor	1923 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Thomas D. Schall (Republican) 46.5% ▌Magnus Johnson (Farmer–Labor) 45.5% ▌John J. Farrell (Democratic) 6.4% Others ▌Merle Birmingham (Beer-Wine) 1.0% ▌Thomas Keefe (Independent) 0.6%
Mississippi	Pat Harrison	Democratic	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Pat Harrison (Democratic) Unopposed
Montana	Thomas J. Walsh	Democratic	1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas J. Walsh (Democratic) 52.8% ▌Frank Bird Linderman (Republican) 42.4% ▌J. W. Anderson (Farmer–Labor) 4.3% Others ▌Charles F. Juttner (Socialist) 0.3% ▌Sam W. Teagarden (Independent) 0.2%
Nebraska	George W. Norris	Republican	1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George W. Norris (Republican) 62.4% ▌J. J. Thomas (Democratic) 37.6%
New Hampshire	Henry W. Keyes	Republican	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry W. Keyes (Republican) 59.8% ▌George E. Farrand (Democratic) 40.2%
New Jersey	Walter E. Edge	Republican	1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Walter E. Edge (Republican) 61.8% ▌Frederick W. Donnelly (Democratic) 33.7% ▌George L. Record (Progressive) 3.8% Others ▌Grafton E. Day (Prohibition) 0.4% ▌Rudolf Vollgraf (Workers) 0.1% ▌John C. Butterworth (Socialist Labor) 0.1% ▌Herman G. Loew (Commonwealth Land) 0.0%
New Mexico	Holm O. Bursum	Republican	1921 (appointed) 1921 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Sam G. Bratton (Democratic) 49.9% ▌Holm O. Bursum (Republican) 47.4%
North Carolina	F. M. Simmons	Democratic	1901 1907 1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y F. M. Simmons (Democratic) 61.6% ▌A. A. Whitener (Republican) 38.5%
Oklahoma	Robert L. Owen	Democratic	1907 1913 1918	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y William B. Pine (Republican) 61.6% ▌Jack C. Walton (Democratic) 35.4% ▌George Wilson (Farmer–Labor) 2.9%
Oregon	Charles L. McNary	Republican	1917 (appointed) 1918 (not elected) 1918 (appointed) 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles L. McNary (Republican) 66.0% ▌Milton A. Miller (Democratic) 24.7% ▌F. E. Coulter (Progressive) 7.7% ▌R. Robinson (Socialist Labor) 1.7%
Rhode Island	LeBaron B. Colt	Republican	1913 1918	Incumbent died August 18, 1924. New senator elected. Republican hold. Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above.	▌Y Jesse H. Metcalf (Republican) 57.6% ▌William S. Flynn (Democratic) 41.8% Others ▌Edward M. Sullivan (Liberal Independent) 0.2% ▌James P. Reid (Workers) 0.2% ▌Peter McDermott (Socialist Labor) 0.1%
South Carolina	Nathaniel B. Dial	Democratic	1918	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	▌Y Cole L. Blease (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Thomas Sterling	Republican	1913 1918	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y William H. McMaster (Republican) 45.4% ▌U. S. G. Cherry (Democratic) 32.1% ▌Tom Ayres (Farmer–Labor) 12.1% ▌George W. Egan (Independent) 7.2% Others ▌Charles Hall Dillon (Independent) 2.0% ▌[FNU] Loucks (Independent) 0.7% ▌Don Livingston (Independent) 0.6%
Tennessee	John K. Shields	Democratic	1913 1918	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	▌Y Lawrence Tyson (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Hugh B. Lindsay (Republican) 42.6% ▌S. B. Williams (Independent) 0.1%
Texas	Morris Sheppard	Democratic	1913 (special) 1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Morris Sheppard (Democratic) 85.4% ▌T. M. Kennerly (Republican) 14.6%
Virginia	Carter Glass	Democratic	1920 1920 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Carter Glass (Democratic) 73.1% ▌W. N. Noak (Republican) 24.2% ▌Carroll L. Riker (Progressive) 0.8%
West Virginia	Davis Elkins	Republican	1911 (appointed) 1911 (retired) 1918	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Guy D. Goff (Republican) 50.9% ▌William E. Chilton (Democratic) 47.7% ▌M. S. Holt (Socialist) 1.4%
Wyoming	Francis E. Warren	Republican	1895 1901 1907 1913 1918	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Francis E. Warren (Republican) 55.2% ▌Robert R. Rose (Democratic) 44.8% ▌G. E. Kindler (Progressive) 2.9% ▌William B. Guthrie (Independent) 1.0%

Closest races

Eight races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State	Party of winner	Margin
Iowa	Republican	0.1%
Minnesota	Republican (flip)	1.0%
Massachusetts	Republican (flip)	1.7%
New Mexico	Democratic (flip)	2.5%
Kentucky	Republican (flip)	3.12%
West Virginia	Republican	3.2%
Colorado (regular)	Republican	6.3%
Colorado (special)	Republican (flip)	6.5%

The tipping point state is Wyoming with a margin of 10.4%.

Alabama

1924 United States Senate election in Alabama

← 1920 (special) 1930 →

Candidate J. Thomas Heflin Frank H. Lathrop Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 120,017 39,818 Percentage 75.18% 24.82%

County Results Heflin:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Lathrop:      50–60%      60–70%      No Vote

U.S. senator before election J. Thomas Heflin Democratic Elected U.S. Senator J. Thomas Heflin Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Alabama

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

1924 United States Senate election in Alabama^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	J. Thomas Heflin (Incumbent)	154,560	79.52%
	Republican	Frank H. Lathrop	39,818	20.48%
Majority			114,742	59.04%
Turnout			194,378
	Democratic hold

Arkansas

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Arkansas

See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas

1924 United States Senate election in Arkansas

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Joe T. Robinson Charles F. Cole Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 100,408 36,163 Percentage 73.52% 26.48%

County results Robinson:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Cole:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Joseph Taylor Robinson Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson Democratic

1924 United States Senate election in Arkansas^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Joseph T. Robinson (Incumbent)	100,408	73.52%
	Republican	Charles F. Cole	36,163	26.48%
Majority			64245	47.04%
Turnout			136571
	Democratic hold

Colorado

See also: 1924 United States Senate special election in Colorado, 1924 United States Senate election in Colorado, and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado

Colorado (special)

1924 United States Senate special election in Colorado

← 1920 November 4, 1924 1926 →

Nominee Rice W. Means Morrison Shafroth Charles T. Philp Party Republican Democratic Farmer–Labor Popular vote 159,353 138,714 17,542 Percentage 50.17% 43.67% 5.52%

County results Means:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Shafroth:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Alva B. Adams Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Rice W. Means Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate special election in Colorado

1924 United States Senate special election in Colorado^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Rice W. Means	159,353	50.17%
	Democratic	Morrison Shafroth	138,714	43.67%
	Independent	Charles T. Philip	17,542	5.52%
	Independent	Clyde Robinson	2,012	0.63%
Majority			20,639	6.50%
Turnout			317,621
	Republican gain from Democratic

Colorado (regular)

1924 United States Senate election in Colorado

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Lawrence C. Phipps Alva B. Adams Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 159,698 139,660 Percentage 50.19% 43.89%

Results by county Phipps:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Adams:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Lawrence C. Phipps Republican Elected U.S. Senator Lawrence C. Phipps Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Colorado

1924 United States Senate election in Colorado^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Lawrence C. Phipps (Incumbent)	159,698	50.19%
	Democratic	Alva B. Adams (Incumbent[lower-alpha 2])	139,660	43.89%
	Independent	Morton Alexander	16,039	5.04%
	Independent	Elwood Hillis	1,575	0.50%
	Independent	James Albert Ayres	1,197	0.38%
Majority			20,038	6.20%
Turnout			318,169
	Republican hold

Connecticut (special)

1924 United States Senate special election in Connecticut

← 1920 December 16, 1924 1926 →

Nominee Hiram Bingham III Hamilton Holt Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 112,400 71,871 Percentage 60.35% 38.59%

County results Municipality results Bingham:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100% Holt:      40–50%      50–60%      60-70% Tie:      50%

U.S. senator before election Frank B. Brandegee Republican Elected U.S. Senator Hiram Bingham III Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut

1924 United States Senate special election in Connecticut^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Hiram Bingham III	112,400	60.35%
	Democratic	Hamilton Holt	71,871	38.59%
	Socialist	Martin Plunkett	1,961	1.05%
Majority			40,529	21.76%
Turnout			186,232
	Republican hold

Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1924 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

1924 United States Senate election in Delaware^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	T. Coleman du Pont	52,731	59.37%
	Democratic	James M. Tunnell	36,085	40.63%
Majority			16,646	18.74%
Turnout			88,816
	Republican hold

Georgia

1924 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Georgia

← 1918 September 10, 1924 1930 →

Nominee William J. Harris Thomas W. Hardwick Party Democratic Democratic Electoral vote 380 32 Popular vote 144,740 75,713 Percentage 65.66% 34.34%

U.S. senator before election William J. Harris Democratic Elected U.S. Senator William J. Harris Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia

Democratic primary, 10 September 1924

Candidate	Popular vote		County unit vote
	Votes	%	Votes	%
William J. Harris	144,740	65.66	380	92.23
Thomas W. Hardwick	75,713	34.34	32	7.77
Total	220,453	100.00	412	100.00
Source: [4]

1924 United States Senate election in Georgia^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William J. Harris (Incumbent)	155,497	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Idaho

1924 United States Senate election in Idaho

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee William Borah Frank Martin Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 99,846 25,199 Percentage 79.50% 20.06%

County results Borah:      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100%

U.S. senator before election William Borah Republican Elected U.S. Senator William Borah Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Idaho and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho

1924 United States Senate election in Idaho^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William Borah (Incumbent)	99,846	79.50%
	Democratic	Frank Martin	25,199	20.06%
	Socialist	Eugene F. Gary	554	0.44%
Majority			74,647	59.44%
Turnout			125,599
	Republican hold

Illinois

1924 United States Senate election in Illinois

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Charles S. Deneen Albert A. Sprague Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,449,180 806,702 Percentage 63.54% 35.37%

Results by county Deneen:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Sprague:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Medill McCormick Republican Elected U.S. senator Charles S. Deneen Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois

1924 United States Senate election in Illinois^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Charles S. Deneen	1,449,180	63.54%
	Democratic	Albert A. Sprague	806,702	35.37%
	Socialist	George Koop	18,708	0.82%
	Socialist Labor	Albert Wirth	2,966	0.13%
	Workers	J. Louis Engdahl	2,518	0.11%
	Commonwealth Land	Lewis D. Spaulding	391	0.02%
	Independent	Parke Longworth	382	0.02%
Majority			642,478	28.17%
Turnout			2,280,847
	Republican hold

Iowa

1924 United States Senate election in Iowa

← 1922 (special) November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Smith W. Brookhart Daniel F. Steck Party Republican Democratic Alliance Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34) Popular vote 447,706 446,951 Percentage 49.95% 49.87%

Results by county Results by congressional district Brookhart:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Steck:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Smith W. Brookhart Republican Elected U.S. Senator Smith W. Brookhart* Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Iowa

See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa

1924 United States Senate election in Iowa^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Smith W. Brookhart (Incumbent)	447,706	49.95%
	Democratic	Daniel F. Steck	446,951	49.83%
	Independent (US) Republican (United States)	Luther Brewer	1,124	0.13%
	Independent	L. E. Eickelberg	535	0.06%
	None	Scattering	31	0.00%
Majority			755	0.09%
Turnout			896,347
	Republican hold

Democrat Daniel F. Steck successfully challenged the election and the Senate awarded Steck the seat on April 12, 1926.

Kansas

1924 United States Senate election in Kansas

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Arthur Capper James Malone Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 428,494 154,189 Percentage 70.10% 25.22%

County results Capper:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Davis:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Arthur Capper Republican Elected U.S. Senator Arthur Capper Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Kansas and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas

1924 United States Senate election in Kansas^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Capper (Incumbent)	428,494	70.10%
	Democratic	James Malone	154,189	25.22%
	Independent	Fred J. Farley	23,266	3.81%
	Socialist	S. O. Coble	5,340	0.87%
Majority			274,305	44.88%
Turnout			611,289
	Republican hold

Kentucky

1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Frederic M. Sackett Augustus Owsley Stanley Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 406,121 381,605 Percentage 51.56% 48.44%

County results Sackett:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Stanley:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Augustus Owsley Stanley Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Frederic M. Sackett Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky

1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Frederic M. Sackett	406,121	51.56%
	Democratic	Augustus Owsley Stanley (incumbent)	381,605	48.44%
Majority			24,516	3.12%
Turnout			787,726
	Republican gain from Democratic

Louisiana

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana

1924 United States Senate election in Louisiana^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Joseph E. Ransdell (Incumbent)	94,934	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Maine

1924 United States Senate election in Maine

← 1918 September 8, 1924 1926 (special) →

Nominee Bert Fernald Fulton J. Redman Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 148,783 97,428 Percentage 60.43% 39.57%

County results Fernald:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Bert Fernald Republican Elected U.S. Senator Bert Fernald Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Maine

See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine

1924 United States Senate election in Maine^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Bert M. Fernald (Incumbent)	148,783	60.43%
	Democratic	Fulton J. Redman	97,428	39.57%
Majority			51,355	20.86%
Turnout			246,211
	Republican hold

Massachusetts

1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Frederick H. Gillett David I. Walsh Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 566,188 547,600 Percentage 50.26% 48.61%

County results Gillett:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Walsh:      60–70%

Senator before election David I. Walsh Democratic Elected Senator Frederick H. Gillett Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Frederick H. Gillett	566,188	50.26%
	Democratic	David I. Walsh (Incumbent)	547,600	48.61%
	Workers	Antoinette Konikow	12,716	1.13%
	None	All others	22	0.00%
Majority			18588	1.65%
Turnout			1126526
	Republican gain from Democratic

Michigan

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Michigan

See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan

Michigan (special)

1924 United States Senate special election in Michigan^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	James J. Couzens (incumbent)	839,569	75.04%
	Democratic	Mortimer E. Cooley	266,851	23.85%
	Prohibition	Frank E. Titus	7,452	0.67%
	Socialist Labor	Logan M. Cunningham	3,360	0.30%
	Socialist	Albert L. Day	1,555	0.14%
	None	Scattering	16	0.00%
Majority			572,718	51.19%
Turnout			1,118,803
	Republican hold

Michigan (regular)

1924 United States Senate election in Michigan

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee James J. Couzens Mortimer Cooley Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 858,934 284,609 Percentage 74.27% 24.61%

County results Couzens:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%

U.S. senator before election James J. Couzens Republican Elected U.S. Senator James J. Couzens Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Michigan

Michigan general election^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	James J. Couzens (Incumbent)	858,934	74.26%
	Democratic	Thomas A. E. Weadock	284,609	24.60%
	Prohibition	Frank E. Titus	8,330	0.72%
	Socialist Labor	Logan M. Cunningham	3,080	0.27%
	Socialist	Albert L. Day	1,619	0.14%
	None	Scattering	154	0.01%
Majority			574,325	49.66%
Turnout			1,156,726
	Republican hold

Minnesota

1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota

← 1923 (special) 1930 →

Nominee Thomas D. Schall Magnus Johnson John J. Farrell Party Republican Farmer–Labor Democratic Popular vote 388,594 380,646 53,709 Percentage 46.45% 45.50% 6.42%

County results Schall:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Johnson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Magnus Johnson Farmer–Labor Elected U.S. Senator Thomas D. Schall Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota

See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota

1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thomas D. Schall	388,594	46.45%
	Farmer–Labor	Magnus Johnson (Incumbent)	380,646	45.50%
	Democratic	John J. Farrell	53,709	6.42%
	Beer-Wine Independent	Merle Birmingham	8,620	1.03%
	Independent	Thomas Keefe	4,994	0.60%
Majority			7,948	0.95%
Turnout			836,563
	Republican gain from Farmer–Labor

Mississippi

See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi

1924 United States Senate election in Mississippi^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Pat Harrison (Incumbent)	97,243	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Montana

1924 United States Senate election in Montana

← 1918 1930 →

Nominee Thomas J. Walsh Frank Bird Linderman Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 89,681 72,000 Percentage 52.81% 42.40%

County results Walsh:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Linderman:      40–50%      50–60% Anderson:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Thomas J. Walsh Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Thomas J. Walsh Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Montana

See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana

Incumbent Democrat Thomas J. Walsh, who was first elected to the Senate in 1912 by the state legislature (as was the practice then), and re-elected in 1918 by popular vote (in accordance with the 17th Amendment), ran for re-election. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary.

He faced former State Representative Frank Bird Linderman and several other opponents in the general election. Walsh ultimately won re-election to his third term by a solid margin.

1924 United States Senate election in Montana^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Thomas J. Walsh (Incumbent)	89,681	52.81%
	Republican	Frank B. Linderman	72,000	42.40%
	Farmer–Labor	J. W. Anderson	7,370	4.34%
	Socialist	Charles F. Juttner	522	0.31%
	Independent (US) (Montana)	Sam W. Teagarden	248	0.15%
Majority			17,681	10.41%
Turnout			169,821
	Democratic hold

Nebraska

1924 United States Senate election in Nebraska

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee George W. Norris John J. Thomas Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 274,647 164,370 Percentage 62.56% 37.44%

County results Norris:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Thomas:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election George W. Norris Republican Elected U.S. Senator George W. Norris Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Nebraska

See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska

1924 United States Senate election in Nebraska^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George W. Norris (Incumbent)	274,647	62.56%
	Democratic	J. J. Thomas	164,370	37.44%
	N/A	Scattering	14	<0.01%
Majority			110,277	25.12%
Turnout			439,031
	Republican hold

New Hampshire

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire

1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Henry W. Keyes George Farrand Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 94,432 63,596 Percentage 59.76% 40.24%

County results Keyes:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Henry W. Keyes Republican Elected U.S. Senator Henry W. Keyes Republican

1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Henry W. Keyes (Incumbent)	94,432	59.76%
	Democratic	George E. Farrand	63,596	40.24%
Majority			30,836	19.52%
Turnout			158,028
	Republican hold

New Jersey

1924 United States Senate election in New Jersey

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Walter Evans Edge Frederick W. Donnelly Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 608,020 331,034 Percentage 61.84% 33.67%

Results by county Edge:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Donnelly:      50-60%

Senator before election Walter Evans Edge Republican Elected Senator Walter Evans Edge Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in New Jersey

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

1924 United States Senate election in New Jersey^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Walter Evans Edge (Incumbent)	608,020	61.84%
	Democratic	Frederick W. Donnelly	331,034	33.67%
	Progressive	George L. Record	37,795	3.84%
	Prohibition	Grafton E. Day	3,961	0.40%
	Workers	Rudolf Vollgraf	1,127	0.11%
	Socialist Labor	John C. Butterworth	1,000	0.10%
	Commonwealth Land	Herman G. Loew	238	0.02%
Majority			276,986	28.17%
Turnout			983,175
	Republican hold

New Mexico

1924 United States Senate election in New Mexico

← 1921 (special) November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Sam G. Bratton Holm O. Bursum Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 57,355 54,558 Percentage 51.25% 48.75%

County results Bratton:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      80–90% Bursum:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Holm O. Bursum Republican Elected U.S. Senator Sam G. Bratton Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico and 1924 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico

1924 United States Senate election in New Mexico^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Sam G. Bratton	57,355	51.25%
	Republican	Holm O. Bursum (Incumbent)	54,558	48.75%
Majority			2,797	2.50%
Turnout			111,913
	Democratic gain from Republican

North Carolina

1924 United States Senate election in North Carolina

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee F. M. Simmons A. A. Whitener Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 295,404 184,393 Percentage 61.57% 38.43%

County results Simmons:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90-100% Whitener:      50–60%      60–70%      80–90%

Senator before election F. M. Simmons Democratic Elected Senator F. M. Simmons Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

1924 United States Senate election in North Carolina^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	F. M. Simmons (Incumbent)	295,404	61.57%
	Republican	A. A. Whitener	184,393	38.43%
Majority			111,011	23.14%
Turnout			479,797
	Democratic hold

Oklahoma

1924 United States Senate election in Oklahoma

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee William B. Pine Jack C. Walton Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 339,646 196,417 Percentage 61.46% 35.54%

County results Pine:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Walton:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Robert L. Owen Democratic Elected U.S. Senator William B. Pine Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma

1924 United States Senate election in Oklahoma^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William B. Pine (Incumbent)	341,518	61.65%
	Democratic	John C. Walton	196,473	35.47%
	Farmer–Labor	George Wilson	15,936	2.88%
Majority			145,045	26.18%
Turnout			553,927
	Republican gain from Democratic

Oregon

1924 United States Senate election in Oregon

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Charles L. McNary Milton A. Miller Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 174,672 65,340 Percentage 65.96% 24.67%

County results McNary:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%

Senator before election Charles L. McNary Republican Elected Senator Charles L. McNary Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon

1924 United States Senate election in Oregon^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Charles L. McNary (Incumbent)	174,672	65.96%
	Democratic	Milton A. Miller	65,340	24.67%
	Progressive	F. E. Coulter	20,379	7.70%
	Socialist Labor	R. Robinson	4,412	1.67%
Majority			109,332	41.29%
Turnout			264,803
	Republican hold

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island

Rhode Island (special)

1924 United States Senate election in Rhode Island^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jesse H. Metcalf	116,572	56.38%
	Democratic	William S. Flynn	88,138	42.63%
	Workers	James P. Reid	1,214	0.59%
	Liberal Independent	Edward M. Sullivan	845	0.41%
Majority			28,434	13.75%
Turnout			206,769
	Republican hold

Rhode Island (regular)

1924 United States Senate election in Rhode Island^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jesse H. Metcalf	120,815	57.63%
	Democratic	William S. Flynn	87,620	41.80%
	Liberal Independent	Edward M. Sullivan	475	0.23%
	Workers	James P. Reid	419	0.20%
	Socialist Labor	Peter McDermott	297	0.14%
Majority			33,195	15.83%
Turnout			209,626
	Republican hold

South Carolina

1924 Democratic Senate primary runoff in South Carolina

← 1918 September 9, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Cole Blease James F. Byrnes Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 100,738 98,467 Percentage 50.57% 49.43%

Results by county Blease:      50–60%      60–70% Byrnes:      50-60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Nathaniel B. Dial Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Coleman Livingston Blease Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina

1924 United States Senate election in South Carolina^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Coleman Livingston Blease	50,751	100.00%
	Democratic hold

South Dakota

1924 United States Senate election in South Dakota

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee William H. McMaster Ulysses Cherry Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 90,006 63,728 Percentage 44.13% 31.24%   Nominee Tom Ayres George W. Egan Party Farmer–Labor Independent (US) (US) Popular vote 20,952 14,484 Percentage 10.27% 7.10%

County results McMaster:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Cherry:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60% Ayres:      40–50% No Vote:

U.S. senator before election Thomas Sterling Republican Elected U.S. Senator William H. McMaster Republican

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in South Dakota

See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota

1924 United States Senate election in South Dakota^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William H. McMaster (Incumbent)	90,310	45.40%
	Democratic	U. S. G. Cherry	63,818	32.08%
	Farmer–Labor	Tom Ayres	23,962	12.05%
	Independent	George Egan	14,390	7.23%
	Independent	Charles Hall Dillon	3,930	1.98%
	Independent	Loucks	1,380	0.69%
	Independent	Don Livingston	1,122	0.56%
Majority			26,492	13.32%
Turnout			198,912
	Republican hold

Tennessee

1924 United States Senate election in Tennessee

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Lawrence Tyson Hugh B. Lindsay Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 147,871 109,859 Percentage 57.32% 42.59%

Senator before election John K. Shields Democratic Elected Senator Lawrence Tyson Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Tennessee

See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee

1924 United States Senate election in Tennessee^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Lawrence Tyson	147,871	57.32%
	Republican	Hugh B. Lindsay	109,859	42.59%
	Independent	S. B. Williams	242	0.09%
Majority			38,012	14.73%
Turnout			257,972
	Democratic hold

Texas

1924 United States Senate election in Texas

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Morris Sheppard T. M. Kennerly Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 591,913 101,208 Percentage 85.40% 14.60%

County Results[5] Sheppard:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Kennerly:      50–60%      60–70% No vote:

U.S. senator before election Morris Sheppard Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Morris Sheppard Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Texas

See also: 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas

1924 United States Senate election in Texas^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Morris Sheppard (Incumbent)	591,913	85.40%
	Republican	T. M. Kennerly	101,208	14.60%
Majority			490,705	70.80%
Turnout			693,121
	Democratic hold

Virginia

Virginia election

← 1920 1930 →

Nominee Carter Glass William N. Doak Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 151,498 50,092 Percentage 73.1% 24.2%

U.S. senator before election Carter Glass Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Carter Glass Democratic

Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia

1924 United States Senate election in Virginia^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Carter Glass (Incumbent)	151,498	73.12%
	Republican	W. N. Noak	50,092	24.18%
	Progressive	Carroll L. Riker	5,594	2.70%
Majority			101,406	48.94%
Turnout			207,184
	Democratic hold

West Virginia

1924 United States Senate election in West Virginia

← 1918 November 4, 1930 1930 →

Nominee Guy D. Goff William E. Chilton Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 290,004 271,809 Percentage 50.92% 47.72%

County results Goff:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Chilton:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Davis Elkins Republican Elected U.S. Senator Guy D. Goff Republican

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia

1924 United States Senate election in West Virginia^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Guy D. Goff	290,004	50.92%
	Democratic	William E. Chilton	271,809	47.72%
	Socialist	M. S. Holt	7,751	1.36%
Majority			18,195	3.20%
Turnout			569,564
	Republican hold

Wyoming

1924 United States Senate election in Wyoming

← 1918 November 4, 1924 1930 →

Nominee Francis E. Warren Robert R. Rose Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 41,293 33,536 Percentage 53.04% 43.07%

County results Warren:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Rose:      50–60% No Data/Vote:

U.S. senator before election Francis E. Warren Republican Elected U.S. Senator Francis E. Warren Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 1924 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming

1924 United States Senate election in Wyoming^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Francis E. Warren (Incumbent)	41,293	53.04%
	Democratic	Robert R. Rose	33,536	43.07%
	Progressive	G. E. Kindler	2,224	2.86%
	Independent	William B. Guthrie	805	1.03%
Majority			7,757	9.97%
Turnout			77,858
	Republican hold

See also

• 1924 United States elections
  • 1924 United States presidential election
  • 1924 United States House of Representatives elections
• 68th United States Congress
• 69th United States Congress

Notes

1. Appointee elected
2. Adams was the incumbent for Colorado's other Senate seat. He opted to run for this seat instead of running for election there.

References

1. "Our Campaigns - MI US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1924". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
2. This is the only time a Senate election has been overturned after a candidate had already been seated.^{[citation needed]}
3. "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1924" (PDF). Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
4. Compiled by Ruth Blair, ed. (1925). Georgia's Official Register, 1925 (PDF). Atlanta, GA: State of Georgia, Department of Archives and History. p. 173-175.
5. Heard, Alexander; Strong, Donald (1950). Southern Primaries and Elections 1920-1949. University of Alabama Press. pp. 167–169. ISBN 9780836955248.