1902–03 United States Senate elections

The 1902–03 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1902 and 1903, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1902–03 United States Senate elections

← 1900 & 1901 January 15, 1902 – April 22, 1903 1904 & 1905 →
30 of the 90 seats in the U.S. Senate 46 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader William B. Allison[a] James K. Jones[b] (retired) Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1897 March 4, 1899 Leader's seat Iowa Arkansas Seats before 55 29 Seats after 57 33 Seat change 2 4 Seats up 18 8 Races won 18 11   Third party Fourth party   Party Silver Republican Populist Seats before 2 2 Seats after 0 0 Seat change 2 2 Seats up 2 2 Races won 0 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold
Majority conference chairman before election William B. Allison Republican Elected Majority conference chairman William B. Allison Republican

The Democratic Party gained four seats, but the Republicans kept their strong majority. This election marked the end of the two third parties, the Populists and Silver Republicans. Republicans took both Populist seats (Idaho and Kansas) along with one Silver Republican seat in Washington. Democrats took the other Silver Republican seat in Colorado as incumbent Senator Henry Teller was re-elected as a Democrat and flipped four Republican seats in Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Nevada. Republicans flipped only one Democratic seat (Utah), but also gained both vacant Delaware seats, which had been empty due to legislative deadlock in 1898 and 1900, respectively.

Besides the double-barrel special elections in Delaware, a special election was held in Michigan.

In Florida, the legislature failed to elect until shortly after the beginning of the 58th Congress on March 4.

Results summary

Senate party division, 58th Congress (1903–1905)

• Majority party: Republican (57)
• Minority party: Democratic (33)
• Vacant (0)
• Total seats: 90

Change in composition

Before the elections

After the January 29, 1902, special election in New Jersey.

					D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7	D6
D16	D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22 Ala. Ran	D23 Ark. Ran	D24 Fla. Ran	D25 Ga. Ran
SR1 Colo. Ran	SR2 Wash. Ran	P1 Kan. Ran	P2 Idaho Retired	V2 Del. (sp cl.2)	V1 Del. (sp cl.1)	D29 Utah Ran	D28 S.C. Retired	D27 Mo. Retired	D26 La. Ran
R55 Wisc. Ran	R54 Vt. Ran	R53 S.D. Ran	R52 Pa. Ran	R51 Ore. Retired	R50 Ohio Ran	R49 N.D. Ran	R48 N.C. Ran	R47 N.Y. Ran	R46 N.H. Ran
Majority →
R36	R37	R38 Calif. Ran	R39 Conn. Ran	R40 Ind. Ran	R41 Ill. Retired	R42 Iowa Ran	R43 Ky. Retired	R44 Md. Retired	R45 Nev. Retired
R35	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27	R26
R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25
R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6
					R1	R2	R3	R4	R5

Result of the elections

					D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7	D6
D16	D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22 Ala. Re-elected	D23 Ark. Hold	D24 Colo. Gain	D25 Ga. Re-elected
R56 Wash. Gain	R57 Wisc. Re-elected	V3 Fla. D Loss	D32 S.C. Hold	D31 N.C. Gain	D30 Nev. Gain	D29 Mo. Hold	D28 Md. Gain	D27 La. Re-elected	D26 Ky. Gain
R55 Vt. Re-elected	R54 Utah Gain	R53 S.D. Elected[c]	R52 Pa. Re-elected	R51 Ore. Hold	R50 Ohio Re-elected	R49 N.D. Re-elected	R48 N.Y. Re-elected	R47 N.H. Re-elected	R46 Kan. Gain
Majority →
R36	R37	R38 Calif. Re-elected	R39 Conn. Re-elected	R40 Del. (sp cl.1) Elected	R41 Del. (sp cl.2) Elected	R42 Idaho Gain	R43 Ill. Hold	R44 Ind. Re-elected	R45 Iowa Re-elected
R35	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27	R26
R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25
R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6
					R1	R2	R3	R4	R5

Beginning of the next Congress

					D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9	D8	D7	D6
D16	D17	D18	D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25
R56	R57	D33 Fla. Appointed	D32	D31	D30	D29	D28	D27	D26
R55	R54	R53	R52	R51	R50	R49	R48	R47	R46
Majority →
R36	R37	R38	R39	R40	R41	R42	R43	R44	R45
R35	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29	R28	R27	R26
R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25
R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6
					R1	R2	R3	R4	R5

Key:	D# Democratic P# Populist R# Republican SR# Silver Republican V# Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 57th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected and seated during 1902 or in 1903 before March 4.

Elections ordered by date, then state.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Iowa (Class 2)	Jonathan P. Dolliver	Republican	1900 (appointed) 1901 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 22, 1902.[2]	▌Y Jonathan P. Dolliver (Republican) 119 ▌John J. Seerley (Democratic) 20
New Jersey (Class 2)	William J. Sewell	Republican	1895 1901	Incumbent died December 27, 1901. New senator elected January 28, 1902. Republican hold.	▌Y John F. Dryden (Republican) 65 ▌Allan L. McDermott (Democratic) 18[3]
Michigan (Class 2)	Russell A. Alger	Republican	1902 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 20, 1903.[4]	▌Y Russell A. Alger (Republican) [data missing]
South Dakota (Class 3)	Alfred B. Kittredge	Republican	1901 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1903.[5] Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Alfred B. Kittredge (Republican) 109 ▌John A. Bowler[6] (Democratic) 13[5]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected March 2, 1903. Republican gain.	▌Y L. Heisler Ball (Republican) [data missing]
Delaware (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected March 2, 1903. Republican gain.	▌Y J. Frank Allee (Republican) [data missing]

Races leading to the 58th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1903; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	Edmund Pettus	Democratic	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1903.[7]	▌Y Edmund Pettus (Democratic) Unopposed
Arkansas	James K. Jones	Democratic	1885 1891 1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator re-elected January 20, 1903.[4] Democratic hold.	▌Y James P. Clarke (Democratic) [data missing]
California	George C. Perkins	Republican	1895 (special) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 13, 1903.[8]	▌Y George C. Perkins (Republican) 91 ▌Franklin K. Lane (Democratic) 17 ▌Eugene Schmitz (Union Labor) 7[8]
Colorado	Henry M. Teller	Silver Republican	1885 1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1903, as a Democrat.[9] Democratic gain.	▌Y Henry M. Teller (Democratic) [data missing]
Connecticut	Orville H. Platt	Republican	1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.[4]	▌Y Orville H. Platt (Republican) [data missing]
Florida	Stephen Mallory II	Democratic	1897	Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Incumbent was later appointed to begin the term. Incumbent was later re-elected; see below.	None.
Georgia	Alexander S. Clay	Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected November 4, 1902.[10]	▌Y Alexander S. Clay (Democratic) 171 ▌Walter Johnson (Republican) 4[10]
Idaho	Henry Heitfeld	Populist	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 13, 1903.[11] Republican gain.	▌Y Weldon B. Heyburn (Republican) [data missing]
Illinois	William E. Mason	Republican	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 20, 1903.[4] Republican hold.	▌Y Albert J. Hopkins (Republican) [data missing]
Indiana	Charles W. Fairbanks	Republican	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.[4]	▌Y Charles W. Fairbanks (Republican) 101 ▌Benjamin F. Shively (Democratic) 44[12]
Iowa	William B. Allison	Republican	1872 1878 1884 1890 1896	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1902.[2]	▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) 119 ▌Edward Hankinson Thayer (Democratic) 20[2]
Kansas	William A. Harris	Populist	1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 28, 1903.[13] Republican gain.	▌Y Chester I. Long (Republican) 123 ▌William A. Harris (Populist) 35[13]
Kentucky	William J. Deboe	Republican	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 15, 1902.[14] Democratic gain.	▌Y James B. McCreary (Democratic) [data missing]
Louisiana	Samuel D. McEnery	Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected early May 22, 1900.[15]	▌Y Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) [data missing]
Maryland	George L. Wellington	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 15, 1902.[16] Democratic gain.	▌Y Arthur P. Gorman (Democratic) [data missing]
Missouri	George G. Vest	Democratic	1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 20, 1903.[17] Democratic hold.	▌Y William J. Stone (Democratic) 107 ▌Richard C. Kerens (Republican) 66[17]
Nevada	John P. Jones	Republican	1873 1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 27, 1903.[18] Democratic gain.	▌Y Francis G. Newlands (Democratic) 43 ▌Thomas P. Hawley (Republican) 8[18]
New Hampshire	Jacob H. Gallinger	Republican	1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected in 1903.	▌Y Jacob H. Gallinger (Republican) Unopposed
New York	Thomas C. Platt	Republican	1881 1881 (resigned) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.	▌Y Thomas C. Platt (Republican) 111 ▌John B. Stanchfield (Democratic) 78 ▌Elihu Root (Republican) 3
North Carolina	Jeter C. Pritchard	Republican	1894 (special) 1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1903. Democratic gain.	▌Y Lee S. Overman (Democratic)
North Dakota	Henry C. Hansbrough	Republican	1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.[4]	▌Y Henry C. Hansbrough (Republican) [data missing]
Ohio	Joseph B. Foraker	Republican	1896	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1902.[19]	▌Y Joseph B. Foraker (Republican) 87 ▌Charles W. Baker (Democratic) 53[19]
Oregon	Joseph Simon	Republican	1898 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 21, 1903.[20] Republican hold.	▌Y Charles W. Fulton (Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	Boies Penrose	Republican	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.[4]	▌Y Boies Penrose (Republican) 194 ▌James M. Guffey (Democratic) 52 ▌Walter F. Leadom (Republican) 1
South Carolina	John L. McLaurin	Democratic	1897 (appointed) 1898 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 27, 1903.[21] Democratic hold.	▌Y Asbury Latimer (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Alfred B. Kittredge	Republican	1901 (appointed) 1903 (special)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1903.[22] Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above.	▌Y Alfred B. Kittredge (Republican) 109 ▌John A. Bowler[6] (Democratic) 13[22]
Utah	Joseph L. Rawlins	Democratic	1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 20, 1903.[23] Republican gain.	▌Y Reed Smoot (Republican) 46 ▌Joseph L. Rawlins (Democratic) 10 ▌Heber M. Wells (Republican) 6[23]
Vermont	William P. Dillingham	Republican	1900 (special)	Incumbent re-elected October 14, 1902.[24]	▌Y William P. Dillingham (Republican) [data missing]
Washington	George Turner	Silver Republican	1897	Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat. New senator elected January 29, 1903.[25] Republican gain.	▌Y Levi Ankeny (Republican) 99 ▌George Turner (Democratic) 23 ▌Harold Preston (Unknown) 9 ▌John L. Wilson (Republican) 2 ▌Wesley L. Jones (Republican) 1
Wisconsin	John C. Spooner	Republican	1885 1891 (lost) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1903.[26]	▌Y John C. Spooner (Republican) ▌Neall Brown (Democratic)

Election during the 58th Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1903 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Florida (Class 3)	Stephen Mallory II	Democratic	1897 1903 (appointed)	Interim appointee re-elected April 22, 1903.	▌Y Stephen Mallory II (Democratic) [data missing]

Alabama

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama

Arkansas

See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas

California

See also: List of United States senators from California

Colorado

See also: List of United States senators from Colorado

Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Delaware (special, class 1)

Senator L. Heisler Ball

In the 1898–99 elections, the Delaware legislature had failed to elect a successor to Democratic senator George Gray.

Four years later, Republican congressman L. Heisler Ball was elected in 1903 to finish the term.

He would lose re-election at the 1905 end of the term due to yet another deadlock in the state legislature.

After the advent of popular elections, Ball would return in 1919 for a single full term.

Delaware (special, class 2)

Senator J. Frank Allee

In the 1900/1901 elections, the Delaware legislature had failed to elect a successor to Democratic senator Richard R. Kenney.

Two years later, Republican state senator J. Frank Allee was elected in 1903 to finish the term.

Allee would retire at the end of the term in 1907.

Florida

Senator Stephen Mallory II

See also: List of United States senators from Florida

The Florida legislature failed to elect a senator by the March 4, 1903, beginning of the term. One-term incumbent Democrat Stephen Mallory II was therefore appointed to begin the term, pending the late election.

Democratic incumbent Stephen Mallory II was elected late April 22, 1903, to finish the term.

Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia

Idaho

See also: List of United States senators from Idaho

Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

Indiana

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

Iowa

See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1902 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa

There were two elections due to the death of John H. Gear in 1900.

Iowa (regular)

Senator William B. Allison

Five-term William B. Allison was re-elected to a sixth term January 22, 1902. He was Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference, effectively the leader of the Senate.

Iowa (special)

Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver

First-term Republican John H. Gear had died July 14, 1900, and Republican Jonathan P. Dolliver had been appointed August 22, 1900, to finish the term ending in 1901 and to the term beginning thereafter, pending a special election.

Dolliver was elected January 22, 1902, to finish the term that would end in 1907.

Kansas

See also: List of United States senators from Kansas

Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana

Maryland

1902 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1896 November 4, 1902 1908 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate Arthur Pue Gorman Party Democratic Legislative vote - Percentage -%

Arthur Pue Gorman was elected by an unknown margin, for the Class 3 seat.^[27]

Michigan (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Michigan

Missouri

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

Nevada

See also: List of United States senators from Nevada

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire

New Jersey (special)

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

New York

Main article: 1903 United States Senate election in New York

The election in New York was held on January 20, 1903, by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Thomas C. Platt had previously been re-elected to this seat in 1897, and his term would expire on March 3, 1903.

At the State election in November 1902, 28 Republicans and 22 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1903–1904) in the State Senate; and 89 Republicans and 61 Democrats were elected for the session of 1903 to the Assembly. State Senator Patrick F. Trainor who had been re-elected, died on December 25, 1902, and his successor Peter J. Dooling was elected only after the senatorial election, on January 27.^[28] The 126th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 23, 1903, at Albany, New York.

The Republican caucus met on January 19. 25 State senators and 84 assemblymen attended, and State Senator William W. Armstrong presided. The caucus re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Thomas C. Platt almost unanimously. A single vote was cast for U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root by Assemblyman William A. Denison, of Jefferson County. Besides Denison voting against Platt, a small number of anti-Platt men did not attend the caucus. Boss Platt had forced the nomination of Attorney General John C. Davies to the New York Supreme Court in the 5th District, against the local Republican organization's wishes who accused Davies of incompetence. Davies was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Watson M. Rogers although the 5th District was heavily Republican. Thus boss Platt's power began to wane.

1903 Republican caucus for United States Senator result

Candidate	First ballot
√ Thomas C. Platt	108
Elihu Root	1

The Democratic caucus met also on January 19. All 62 State legislators attended, and Assemblyman Charles W. Hinson, of Erie County, presided. They nominated John B. Stanchfield unanimously. Stanchfield had been Mayor of Elmira, and was defeated when running for Governor of New York in 1900 by Republican Benjamin B. Odell Jr.

Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected. Three Republican anti-Platt men, State senators Edgar T. Brackett (28th D.), Elon R. Brown and Nathaniel A. Elsberg (15th D.), voted for Elihu Root.

1903 United States Senator election result

House	Republican		Democratic		Republican
State Senate (50 members)	√ Thomas C. Platt	25	John B. Stanchfield	21	Elihu Root	3
State Assembly (150 members)	√ Thomas C. Platt	86	John B. Stanchfield	57

Note: The votes were cast on January 20, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 21 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

North Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

North Dakota

See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota

Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

Oregon

See also: List of United States senators from Oregon

Pennsylvania

Main article: 1903 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

The election in Pennsylvania was held on January 20, 1903. Boies Penrose was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly^[29]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 20, 1903. Incumbent Republican Boies Penrose, who was elected in 1897, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[29]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Boies Penrose (Incumbent)	194	76.38
	Democratic	James M. Guffey	52	20.47%
	Republican	Walter F. Leadom	1	0.39%
	N/A	Not voting	7	2.76%
Totals			254	100.00%

South Carolina

Main article: 1903 United States Senate election in South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

South Dakota

Senator Alfred Kittredge

See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota

Two-term Republican James H. Kyle died July 1, 1901, and Republican Alfred Kittredge was appointed July 11, 1901, to continue the term, pending a special election.

South Dakota (special)

Republican Alfred Kittredge was elected January 20, 1903, to finish the term.

South Dakota (regular)

Republican Alfred Kittredge was elected January 21, 1903, to the next the term.

Utah

See also: List of United States senators from Utah

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

Washington

See also: List of United States senators from Washington

Wisconsin

See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin

See also

• 1902 United States elections
  • 1902 United States House of Representatives elections
  • 1903 United States House of Representatives elections
• 57th United States Congress
• 58th United States Congress

Notes

1. as Republican Conference Chairman
2. as Democratic Conference Chairman
3. Appointee elected

References

1. "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
2. Clark, p. 247.
3. "J.F. DRYDEN ELECTED SENATOR". The New York Times. January 29, 1902. p. 3.
4. "United States senators elected". The New York Times. January 21, 1903. p. 3.
5. "Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session". Proceedings of the Senate. Pierre, South Dakota: 296. 1903.
6. Bailey, Dana R. (1899). History of Minnehaha county, South Dakota. Sioux Falls: Brown & Saenger, ptrs. p. 462. OCLC 5862932. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
7. "Senator Pettus Re-elected". The New York Times. January 27, 1903. p. 3.
8. "Perkins of California Re-elected". The New York Times. January 14, 1903. p. 12.
9. "TELLER IS AGAIN ELECTED". The New York Times. January 25, 1903. p. 1.
10. "Senator Clay of Georgia Re-elected". The New York Times. November 5, 1902. p. 2.
11. "Idaho Elects Her Senator". The New York Times. January 14, 1903. p. 3.
12. Senate, Indiana. General Assembly (1903). Journal of the Indiana State Senate During the Sixty-Third Session of the General Assembly commencing Thursday, January 9, 1903. Indianapolis, Indiana. p. 198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
13. Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the State of Kansas. Thirteenth Biennial Session, Topeka, January 13 to March 13, 1903. Topeka, Kansas. 1903. pp. 303–306.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
14. "MANY VOTES TO ELECT". The New York Times. January 16, 1902. p. 3.
15. "Louisiana senators Elected". The New York Times. May 23, 1900. p. 2.
16. "Ratified Mr. German's Election". The New York Times. January 16, 1902. p. 3.
17. "SUCCEEDS SENATOR VEST". The New York Times. January 21, 1903. p. 3.
18. "Mr. Newlands Elected in Nevada". The New York Times. January 28, 1903. p. 2.
19. "SENATOR FORAKER CHOSEN". The New York Times. January 15, 1902. p. 3.
20. "OREGON SENATOR CHOSEN". The New York Times. February 22, 1903. p. 3.
21. "South Carolina's Choice". The New York Times. January 28, 1903. p. 8.
22. "Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session". Proceedings of the Senate. Pierre, South Dakota: 299–300. 1903.
23. "REED SMOOT SENATOR". The New York Times. January 21, 1903. p. 3.
24. "Senator Dillingham Re-elected". The New York Times. October 15, 1902. p. 9.
25. "Ankeny Elected in Washington". The New York Times. January 30, 1903. p. 1.
26. "Senator Spooner Re-elected". The New York Times. January 28, 1903. p. 8.
27. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1902". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
28. "DOOLING ELECTED SENATOR" (PDF). The New York Times. January 28, 1903.
29. "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1903" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Further reading

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
• Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.
• Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
• Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
• "PLATT IS RENOMINATED, ONE VOTE AGAINST HIM; ...Devery Protest Against an Utterance of Mr. Stanchfield in Democratic Caucus" (PDF). The New York Times. January 20, 1903.
• "MR. PLATT ELECTED AFTER DENUNCIATION" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1903.