1866 in science

The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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Astronomy

• May – William Huggins studies the emission spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen.^[1]
• June 4 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and 2113.
• Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes that meteor streams occur when the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path.

Biology

• Gregor Mendel publishes his laws of inheritance.^[2]
• Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing that single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit into either category.
• Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) in parthenogenetic Diptera.^[3]
• Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers the guppy (fish) in Trinidad.
• Frederick Smith first discovers Formica candida in the Bournemouth district of England, describing it as Formica gagates.
• Nikolai Kaufman publishes his Moscow Flora.^[4]

Chemistry

• Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel.^[5]
• August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system of hydrocarbon nomenclature and invents the Hofmann voltameter.^[6]
• Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.^[7]

Earth sciences

• January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.

Mathematics

• The second smallest pair of amicable numbers (1184, 1210) is discovered by teenager B. Nicolò I. Paganini.

Medicine

• February 21 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the world's first woman to receive a doctorate from a dental college (Ohio College of Dental Surgery).^[8]
• July – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.^[9]
• Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina.^[10]
• Dr John Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome.^[11][9]
• Invention of a clinical thermometer by Thomas Clifford Allbutt.^[9]
• A cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.^[9]
• Patrick Manson starts a school of tropical medicine in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Paleontology

• American paleontologist Joseph Leidy describes the new genus and species Laelaps aquilunguis, demonstrating that theropod dinosaurs walked on their hind limbs rather than on all fours as in earlier reconstructions.^[12]

Physics

• James Clerk Maxwell formulates the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the kinetic theory of gases.

Technology

• January 12 – Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as 'The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain' in London, the world's oldest such society.
• July 27 – The SS Great Eastern successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.^[13]
• August 23 – Ralph H. Twedell patents the hydraulic riveter in the United Kingdom.^[14]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Julius Plücker^[15]
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Charles Lyell

Births

• February 1 – Agda Meyerson (died 1924), Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist
• February 8 – Moses Gomberg (died 1947), Russian-born chemist
• February 14 – Victor Despeignes (died 1937), French pioneer of radiation oncology
• February 26 – Herbert Henry Dow (died 1930), Canadian-born chemist
• April 17 – Ernest Starling (died 1927), English physiologist
• July 13 – Emily Winifred Dickson (died 1944), Irish-born gynaecologist
• July 25 – Frederick Blackman (died 1947), English plant physiologist
• September 13 – Arthur Pollen (died 1937), English inventor
• September 21 – H. G. Wells (died 1946), English scientific populariser
• September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan (died 1945), American biologist, Nobel laureate in Physiology
• October 8 – Reginald Fessenden (died 1932), Canadian pioneer of radio broadcasting
• November 11 – Martha Annie Whiteley (died 1956), English chemist and mathematician
• November 30 – Robert Broom (died 1951), Scottish-born paleontologist
• December 7 – Maude Delap (died 1953), Irish marine biologist

Deaths

• March 6 – William Whewell (born 1794), English scientist, philosopher and historian of science
• March 14 – Alexander Morison (born 1779), Scottish physician and psychiatrist
• April 4 – William Dick (born 1793), Scottish veterinarian
• April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin (born 1798), English physician
• July 20 – Bernhard Riemann (born 1826), German-born mathematician
• September 16 – François Mêlier (born 1798), French physician ^[16]
• October 18 – Philipp Franz von Siebold (born 1796), German physician, botanist and traveler in Japan
• December 1 – George Everest (born 1790), British surveyor and geographer

References

1. Becker, Barbara J. (2004). "Huggins, Sir William (1824–1910)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34039. Retrieved 2011-03-04. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn. IV: 3–47 (Abhandlungen). For the English translation, see Druery, C. T.; Bateson, William (1901). "Experiments in plant hybridization" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–32. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
3. Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 23: 239.
4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
5. Schück, H.; Sohlman, R. (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel. London: Heinemann.
6. von Hofmann, A. W. (1866). Introduction to Modern Chemistry: Experimental and Theoretic; Embodying Twelve Lectures Delivered in the Royal College of Chemistry, London. London: Walton and Maberly.
7. Erlenmeyer, Emil (1866). "Studien über die s. g. aromatischen Säuren". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 137 (3): 327–359. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370309.
8. Edwards, Ralph W. (1951). "The First Woman Dentist Lucy Hobbs Taylor, D.D.S. (1833–1910)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 25 (3): 277–283. JSTOR 44443642. PMID 14848611.
9. Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1866". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
10. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina.
11. Down, J. Langdon H. (1866). "Observations on the Ethnic Classification of Idiots". Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital. 3: 259–62.
12. Holtz, Thomas R. (2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 111–136. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
13. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
14. McNeill, Ian (1972). Hydraulic Power. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12797-1.
15. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
16. Jules Bergeron, Alexandre Wauthier. "François Mêlier". cths.fr (in French). Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Retrieved 2020-10-27.