1858–59 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1858–59 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 7, 1858, and December 1, 1859. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 238 representatives were elected in the new state of Oregon, the pending new state of Kansas, and the other 32 states before the first session of the 36th United States Congress convened on December 5, 1859. They were held during President James Buchanan's term.

1858–59 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1856 & 1857 June 7, 1858 – December 1, 1859[a] 1860 & 1861 →
All 238 seats in the United States House of Representatives[1][2] 120 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party   Leader William Pennington Thomas Bocock Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Virginia 5th Last election 90 seats 132 seats Seats won 113 83[b] Seat change 23 49 Popular vote 1,387,921 1,823,106 Percentage 36.59% 48.06% Swing 0.39% 1.21%   Third party Fourth party   Party Opposition Know Nothing Last election new party 14 seats Seats won 19[c] 5 Seat change 19 9 Popular vote 224,147 133,839 Percentage 5.91% 3.53% Swing New Party[d] 11.68%   Fifth party   Party Independent Last election 1 seat[e] Seats won 15[f] Seat change 14 Popular vote 261,964[g] Percentage 6.91% Swing 6.02%
Results      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Independent gain      Opposition gain      Know Nothing hold
Speaker before election James Orr Democratic Elected Speaker William Pennington Republican

Winning a plurality for the first time, the Republicans benefited from multiple factors. These factors included the collapse of the nativist American Party, sectional strife in the Democratic Party, Northern voter dissatisfaction with the Supreme Court's March 1857 Dred Scott decision, political exposure of Democrats to chaotic violence in Kansas amid repeated attempts to impose slavery against the express will of a majority of its settlers, and a sharp decline in President Buchanan's popularity due to his perceived fecklessness. In Pennsylvania, his home state, Republicans made particularly large gains.

The pivotal Dred Scott decision was only the second time the Supreme Court had overturned an Act of Congress on Constitutional grounds, after Marbury v. Madison. The decision created apprehension in the Northern United States, where slavery had ceased to exist, that the Supreme Court would strike down any limitations on slavery anywhere in the United States with a ruling in Lemmon v. New York.

Short of a majority, Republicans controlled the House with limited cooperation from smaller parties also opposing the Democrats. Republicans were united in opposing slavery in the territories and fugitive slave laws, while rejecting the abrogation of the Missouri Compromise, key aspects of the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision. Though not yet abolitionist, Republicans openly derived a primary partisan purpose from hostility to slavery while furnishing a mainstream platform for abolitionism. None of the party's views or positions was new. However, their catalytic cohesion into a unified political vehicle, and the bold dismissal of the South, represented a newly disruptive political force.

Democrats remained divided and politically trapped. Fifteen Democratic members publicly defied their party label. Of seven Independent Democrats, six represented Southern districts. Eight Northern anti-Lecompton Democrats favored a ban on slavery in Kansas, effectively upholding the Missouri Compromise their party had destroyed several years earlier. Democrats lacked credible leadership and continued to drift in a direction favorable to the interests of slavery despite obviously widening and intensifying Northern opposition to the expansion of those interests. A damaging public perception also existed that President Buchanan had improperly influenced and endorsed the Dred Scott decision, incorrectly believing that it had solved his main political problem. Such influence would violate the separation of powers. The wide gap between Democratic rhetoric and results alienated voters, while defeat in the North and intra-party defection combined to make the party both more Southern and more radical.

Democrats lost seats in some slave states as the disturbing turn of national events and surge in sectional tensions alarmed a significant minority of Southern voters. Southern politicians opposing both Democrats and extremism, but unwilling to affiliate with Republicans, ran on the Southern Opposition Party ticket (not to be conflated with the Opposition Party of 1854).^[h]

For 11 states, this was the last full congressional election until the Reconstruction. Twenty-nine elected members quit near the end of the session following their states' secession from the Union, whose immediate motivation was the result of the presidential election of 1860.

Election summaries

One seat each was added for the new states of Oregon^[4] and Kansas.^[5]

↓

98	5	19	116
Democratic	KN	Opp.	Republican

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Democratic[i]		Know Nothing		Opposition		Republican
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Oregon [j]	At-large	June 7, 1858	1	1	1	0		0		0
Arkansas	Districts	August 2, 1858	2	2		0		0		0
Missouri	Districts	August 2, 1858	7	5[k]		1	1	0		1	1
Vermont	Districts	September 7, 1858	3	0		0		0		3
Maine	Districts	September 13, 1858	6	0		0		0		6
Florida	At-large	October 4, 1858	1	1		0		0		0
South Carolina	Districts	October 10–11, 1858	6	6		0		0		0
Indiana	Districts	October 12, 1858	11	4[l]	2	0		0		7	2
Iowa	Districts	October 12, 1858	2	0		0		0		2
Ohio	Districts	October 12, 1858	21	6	3	0		0		15	3
Pennsylvania	Districts	October 12, 1858	25	5[m]	10	0		0		20	10
Delaware	At-large	November 2, 1858 (Election Day)[n]	1	1		0		0		0
Illinois	Districts		9	5		0		0		4
Massachusetts	Districts		11	0		0		0		11
Michigan	Districts		4	0		0		0		4
New Jersey	Districts		5	2[o]	1	0		0		3	1
New York	Districts		33	7[p]	5	0		0		26	5
Wisconsin	Districts		3	1	1	0		0		2	1
Late elections (after the March 4, 1859 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire	Districts	March 8, 1859	3	0		0		0		3
Connecticut	Districts	April 4, 1859	4	0	2	0		0		4	2
Rhode Island	Districts	April 7, 1859	2	0		0		0		2
Virginia	Districts	May 26, 1859	13	12[q]	1	0		1	1	0
Alabama	Districts	August 1, 1859	7	7		0		0		0
Kentucky	Districts	August 1, 1859	10	5	3	0	2	5	5	0
Texas	Districts	August 1, 1859	2	2[r]		0		0		0
North Carolina	Districts	August 4, 1859	8	4	3	0	1	4	4	0
Tennessee	Districts	August 4, 1859	10	3	4	0	3	7	7	0
California	At-large	September 7, 1859	2	2		0		0		0
Georgia	Districts	October 3, 1859	8	6		0	2	2	2	0
Mississippi	Districts	October 3, 1859	5	5		0		0		0
Minnesota	At-large	October 4, 1859	2	0	2	0		0		2	2
Louisiana	Districts	November 7, 1859	4	3		1		0		0
Maryland	Districts	November 8, 1859	6	3		3		0		0
Kansas [s]	At-large	December 1, 1859	1	0		0		0		1	1
Total			238[t]	98[b] 41.4%	35	5 2.1%	9	19 8.0%	19	116 48.5%	26

Popular vote Democratic   48.06% Republican   36.59% Opposition   5.04% Know Nothing   3.53% Whig   0.87% Independent   6.91% Others   0.00%

House seats Republican   47.28% Democratic   34.72% Opposition   7.95% Know Nothing   2.09% Whig   1.67% Independent   6.28%

Maps

• 
  District results by vote share

Special elections

See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

There were special elections in 1858 and 1859 to the 35th United States Congress and 36th United States Congress.

Special elections are sorted by date then district.

35th Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 7	Nathaniel P. Banks	Republican	1852	Incumbent resigned December 24, 1857 to become Governor of Massachusetts. New member elected in December 1857 or January 1858 and seated January 21, 1858.[7] Republican hold. Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Daniel W. Gooch (Republican) [data missing]
North Carolina 8	Thomas L. Clingman	Democratic	1852	Incumbent resigned May 7, 1858 to become U.S. Senator. New member elected August 5, 1858 and seated December 7, 1858.[7][8] Know Nothing gain. Winner later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Zebulon Vance (Know Nothing) 57.02% ▌William W. Avery (Democratic) 42.98%[8]
Mississippi 5	John A. Quitman	Democratic	1855	Incumbent died July 17, 1858. New member elected October 4, 1858 and seated December 7, 1858.[7] Democratic hold. Winner later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y John J. McRae (Democratic) 99.08% Scattering 0.92%
Pennsylvania 8	J. Glancy Jones	Democratic	1850	Incumbent resigned October 30, 1858. New member elected November 30, 1858 and seated December 7, 1858.[7][9] Republican gain. Winner was not elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y William H. Keim (Republican) 51.98% ▌Joel B. Warner (Democratic) 48.02%[9]
Illinois 6	Thomas L. Harris	Democratic	1854	Incumbent died November 24, 1858. New member elected January 4, 1859 and seated January 20, 1859.[7] Democratic hold. Winner was not elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Charles D. Hodges (Democratic) 61.31% ▌James C. Conkling (Republican) 38.69%
New York 4	John Kelly	Democratic	1854	Incumbent resigned December 25, 1858. New member elected January 4, 1859 and seated January 17, 1859.[7][10] Independent Democratic gain. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Thomas J. Barr (Ind. Democratic) 96.89% Scattering 3.11%

36th Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 14	Cyrus Spink	Republican	1858	Incumbent died May 31, 1859. New member elected October 11, 1859 and seated December 5, 1859.[11] Republican hold.	▌Y Harrison G. O. Blake (Republican) 56.17% ▌Neal Power (Democratic) 43.83%[12]
Virginia 4	William Goode	Democratic	1853	Incumbent died May 31, 1859. New member elected October 27, 1859 and seated December 7, 1859.[11] Democratic hold.	▌Y Roger Pryor (Democratic) ▌Thomas F. Goode (Democratic)
Illinois 6	Thomas L. Harris	Democratic	1854	Incumbent died November 24, 1858. New member elected November 8, 1859 and seated December 5, 1859.[11] Democratic hold.	▌Y John A. McClernand (Democratic) 58.94% ▌John M. Palmer (Republican) 41.06%

Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[13]
Alabama 1	James A. Stallworth	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James A. Stallworth (Democratic) 63.32% ▌F. B. Shepard (Opposition) 36.68%
Alabama 2	Eli S. Shorter	Democratic	1855	Incumbent retired. New member elected.	▌Y James L. Pugh (Democratic) ▌J. E. Sappington (Opposition) Incomplete Data
Alabama 3	James F. Dowdell	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. New member elected.	▌Y David Clopton (Democratic) 50.79% ▌Thomas J. Judge (Opposition) 49.21%
Alabama 4	Sydenham Moore	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sydenham Moore (Democratic) ▌William Russell Smith (Unknown) Incomplete Data
Alabama 5	George S. Houston	Democratic	1841 1849 (retired) 1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George S. Houston (Democratic) 58.12% ▌William A. Hewlett (Independent Democrat) 41.88%
Alabama 6	Williamson R. W. Cobb	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Williamson R. W. Cobb (Democratic) 54.98% ▌Alex Snodgrass (Democratic) 20.26% ▌Edwin Wallace (Democratic) 18.09% ▌Henry R. Beaver (Democratic) 6.68%
Alabama 7	Jabez L. M. Curry	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Jabez L. M. Curry (Democratic) Unopposed

Arkansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas and 1859 United States Senate election in Arkansas

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[14][15]
Arkansas 1	Alfred B. Greenwood	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Thomas C. Hindman (Democratic) 86.48%[u] ▌William Crosby (American) 13.52%[v]
Arkansas 2	Albert Rust	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Albert Rust (Democratic) 70.32%[w] ▌Thomas S. Drew (Ind. Democratic) 15.10%[x] ▌James A. Jones (American) 13.58%[y]

California

Main article: 1859 United States House of Representatives election in California

See also: List of United States representatives from California

California held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
California at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	Charles L. Scott	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y John C. Burch (Lecompton Democratic) 56.88% ▌Y Charles L. Scott (Lecompton Democratic) 55.89% ▌Joseph C. McKibbin (Anti-Lecompton Democratic; Republican) 43.01% ▌Edward D. Baker (Republican; Anti-Lecompton Democratic) 41% ▌S. A. Booker (Anti-Lecompton Democratic) 2.94% ▌P. H. Sibley (Republican) 0.29%
	Joseph C. McKibbin	Anti-Lecompton Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic hold.

Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[17][16]
Connecticut 1	Ezra Clark Jr.	Republican	1855	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y Dwight Loomis (Republican) 49.61% ▌Alvan P. Hyde (Democratic) 49.29% ▌Ezra Clark Jr. (Independent) 1.1%
Connecticut 2	Samuel Arnold	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Woodruff (Republican) 50.56% ▌Samuel Arnold (Democratic) 49.03% ▌Austin Baldwin (Unknown) 0.41%
Connecticut 3	Sidney Dean	Republican	1855	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Alfred A. Burnham (Republican) 51.74% ▌Rufus L. Baker (Democratic) 46.95% ▌Sidney Dean (Independent) 1.31%
Connecticut 4	William D. Bishop	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Orris S. Ferry (Republican) 51.27% ▌William D. Bishop (Democratic) 48.73%

Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware and 1858 United States Senate election in Delaware

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[14]
Delaware at-large	William G. Whiteley	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William G. Whiteley (Democratic) 51.36% ▌ William H. Morris (People's) 48.64%

Florida

See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[14][18]
Florida at-large	George S. Hawkins	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George S. Hawkins (Democratic) 62.43% ▌John Westcott (Ind. Democratic) 37.57%[z]

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia and 1858 United States Senate election in Georgia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1
Georgia 2
Georgia 3
Georgia 4
Georgia 5
Georgia 6
Georgia 7
Georgia 8

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois and 1859 United States Senate election in Illinois

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Illinois 1
Illinois 2
Illinois 3
Illinois 4
Illinois 5
Illinois 6
Illinois 7
Illinois 8
Illinois 9

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Indiana 1
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Indiana 4
Indiana 5
Indiana 6
Indiana 7
Indiana 8
Indiana 9
Indiana 10
Indiana 11

Iowa

See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa and 1858 United States Senate election in Iowa

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Iowa 1
Iowa 2

Kansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Kansas at-large	New state			New seat. New member elected December 1, 1859 in advance of January 29, 1861 statehood. Republican gain.	▌Y Martin F. Conway (Republican) 57.74% ▌John A. Halderman (Democratic) 42.26%

Kansas Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky and 1858 United States Senate election in Kentucky

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1859 United States Senate election in Louisiana

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Louisiana 1	George Eustis Jr.	Know Nothing	1854	Incumbent retired. Know Nothing hold.	▌Y John Edward Bouligny (American) 49.55% ▌Emile La Sére (Democratic) 40.18% ▌Charles Bienvenu (Unknown) 10.27%
Louisiana 2	Miles Taylor	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Miles Taylor (Democratic) 56.99% ▌L. D. Nichols (Know Nothing) 43.01%
Louisiana 3	Thomas G. Davidson	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas G. Davidson (Democratic) 89.25% ▌T. Cannon (American) 10.75%
Louisiana 4	John M. Sandidge	Democratic	1854	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y John M. Landrum (Democratic) 74.42% ▌M. A. Jones (American) 25.58%

Maine

See also: List of United States representatives from Maine and 1859 United States Senate election in Maine

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts and 1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7
Massachusetts 8
Massachusetts 9
Massachusetts 10
Massachusetts 11

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1858 United States Senate election in Michigan

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[19]
Michigan 1	William A. Howard	Republican	1854	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y George B. Cooper (Democratic) 50.14% ▌William A. Howard (Republican) 49.86%
				Election successfully contested. Incumbent re-seated May 15, 1860.	▌Y William A. Howard (Republican) 51.03% ▌George B. Cooper (Democratic) 48.97%
Michigan 2	Henry Waldron	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry Waldron (Republican) 59.11% ▌Consider A. Stacy (Democratic) 40.89%
Michigan 3	David S. Walbridge	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Francis W. Kellogg (Republican) 55.73% ▌Thomas B. Church (Democratic) 44.27%
Michigan 4	Dewitt C. Leach	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Dewitt C. Leach (Republican) 51.97% ▌Robert W. Davis (Democratic) 48.03%

Minnesota

Main article: 1859 United States House of Representatives election in Minnesota

See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota and 1858 United States Senate elections in Minnesota

Minnesota became a new state in 1858 having already elected its first two members at-large in October 1857 to finish the current term. The state then held elections to the next term October 4, 1859.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Minnesota at-large 2 seats	James M. Cavanaugh	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y Cyrus Aldrich (Republican) 55.08% ▌Y William Windom (Republican) 54.2% ▌James M. Cavanaugh (Democratic) 45.56% ▌Christopher C. Graham (Democratic) 45.16%
	William Wallace Phelps	Democratic	1857	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Republican gain.

Mississippi

See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi and 1859 United States Senate election in Mississippi

Elections held late, on October 3, 1859.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Mississippi 1	Lucius Q. C. Lamar	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Democratic) 100%
Mississippi 2	Reuben Davis	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Reuben Davis (Democratic) 94.49% ▌G. Q. Martin (Opposition) 5.51%
Mississippi 3	William Barksdale	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Barksdale (Democratic) 100%
Mississippi 4	Otho R. Singleton	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 77.19% ▌Franklin Smith (Unionist Democratic) 22.81%
Mississippi 5	John J. McRae	Democratic	1858 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John J. McRae (Democratic) 100%

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Missouri 1
Missouri 2
Missouri 3
Missouri 4
Missouri 5
Missouri 6
Missouri 7

Nebraska Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire and 1859 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire 1
New Hampshire 2
New Hampshire 3

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1858 United States Senate election in New Jersey

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Jersey 1
New Jersey 2
New Jersey 3
New Jersey 4
New Jersey 5

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina and 1858 United States Senate special election in North Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8

Ohio

Main article: 1858 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio and 1859 Ohio's 14th congressional district special election

Ohio elected its members October 12, 1858, netting a 3-seat Republican gain.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[20][21]
Ohio 1	George H. Pendleton	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 51.24% ▌Timothy C. Day (Opposition) 48.76%
Ohio 2	William S. Groesbeck	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John A. Gurley (Republican) 52.58% ▌William S. Groesbeck (Democratic) 47.42%
Ohio 3	Clement Vallandigham	Democratic	1856[aa]	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 50.48% ▌Lewis D. Campbell (Republican) 49.52%
Ohio 4	Matthias H. Nichols	Republican	1852	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Allen (Democratic) 50.2% ▌Matthias H. Nichols (Republican) 49.8%
Ohio 5	Richard Mott	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y James M. Ashley (Republican) 51.16% ▌William Mungen (Democratic) 48.51% ▌ William A. Hunter (Unknown) 0.34%[ab]
Ohio 6	Joseph R. Cockerill	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Howard (Democratic) 51.58% ▌Reader W. Clarke (Republican) 45.82% ▌ William R. Arthur (American) 2.61%[ab]
Ohio 7	Aaron Harlan	Republican	1852	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y Thomas Corwin (Republican) 63.85% ▌Charles W. Blair (Democratic) 36.15%
Ohio 8	Benjamin Stanton	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Benjamin Stanton (Republican) 59.52% ▌William Hubbard (Democratic) 40.48%
Ohio 9	Lawrence W. Hall	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Carey (Republican) 50.29% ▌Lawrence W. Hall (Democratic) 49.71%
Ohio 10	Joseph Miller	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Carey A. Trimble (Republican) 55.04% ▌Joseph Miller (Democratic) 45.96%
Ohio 11	Albert C. Thompson	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Charles D. Martin (Democratic) 50.72% ▌Nelson H. Van Vorhes (Republican) 49.28%
Ohio 12	Samuel S. Cox	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel S. Cox (Republican) 51.75% ▌Lucius Case (Democratic) 48.25%
Ohio 13	John Sherman	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Sherman (Republican) 57.05% ▌S. J. Patrick (Democratic) 42.95%
Ohio 14	Philemon Bliss	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold. Successor died May 31, 1859, leading to a special election.	▌Y Cyrus Spink (Republican) 56.33% ▌J. P. Jeffries (Democratic) 43.67%
Ohio 15	Joseph Burns	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y William Helmick (Republican) 50.65% ▌Joseph Burns (Democratic) 49.35%
Ohio 16	Cydnor B. Tompkins	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Cydnor B. Tompkins (Republican) 52.65% ▌George W. Manypenny (Democratic) 47.01% ▌ Jonathan Swank (Independent) 0.34%[ab]
Ohio 17	William Lawrence	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Thomas C. Theaker (Republican) 50.32% ▌Benjamin T. Sprigg (Democratic) 49.68%
Ohio 18	Benjamin F. Leiter	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Sidney Edgerton (Republican) 53.33% ▌J. L. Ranney (Democratic) 46.67%
Ohio 19	Edward Wade	Republican	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward Wade (Republican) 64.57% ▌J. W. Gray (Democratic) 34.69% ▌ Irad Kelly (Independent) 0.75%[ab]
Ohio 20	Joshua Reed Giddings	Republican	1843	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y John Hutchins (Republican) 62.8% ▌David Tod (Democratic) 34.27% ▌ B. W. Richmond (Independent) 2.69%[ab] ▌ Josuha R. Giddings (Unknown) 0.24%[ab]
Ohio 21	John Bingham	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Bingham (Republican) 57.46% ▌Thomas Means (Democratic) 42.54%

Oregon

See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon and 1859 United States Senate elections in Oregon

35th Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Oregon at-large	New state			New seat. New member elected June 7, 1858. Democratic gain. Successor seated February 14, 1859.[7] New member did not run for the next term.	▌Y La Fayette Grover (Democratic) [data missing]

36th Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Oregon at-large	New state			New seat. Democratic hold. New member did not run for the current term.	▌Y Lansing Stout (Democratic) 50.07% ▌David Logan (Republican) 49.93%

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[21]
Pennsylvania 1	Thomas B. Florence	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas B. Florence (Democratic) 43.09% ▌John W. Ryan (People's) 41% ▌G. W. Nebinger (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 15.42% ▌Marshall Sprogell (Know Nothing) 0.48%
Pennsylvania 2	Edward Joy Morris	Republican	1843 1844 (retired) 1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward Joy Morris (People's) 58.38% ▌George H. Martin (Democratic) 41.62%
Pennsylvania 3	James Landy	Democratic	1850	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John P. Verree (People's) 54.24% ▌James Landy (Democratic) 45.35% ▌George W. Read (Know Nothing) 0.4%
Pennsylvania 4	Henry M. Phillips	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y William Millward (People's) 59.25% ▌Henry M. Phillips (Democratic) 39.21% ▌Jacob Broom (Know Nothing) 1.54%
Pennsylvania 5	Owen Jones	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Wood (People's) 57.37% ▌Owen Jones (Democratic) 42.63%
Pennsylvania 6	John Hickman	Democratic	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Hickman (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 40.76% ▌Charles D. Manly (Democratic) 31.15% ▌John M. Broomall (People's) 28.09%
Pennsylvania 7	Henry Chapman	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Henry C. Longnecker (People's) 50.76% ▌Stokes L. Roberts (Democratic) 49.24%
Pennsylvania 8	J. Glancy Jones	Democratic	1850 1852 (retired) 1854 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic hold.	▌Y John Schwartz (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 50.07% ▌J. Glancy Jones (Democratic) 49.94%
Pennsylvania 9	Anthony E. Roberts	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Thaddeus Stevens (People's) 60% ▌James M. Hopkins (Democratic) 40%
Pennsylvania 10	John C. Kunkel	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John W. Killinger (People's) 61.46% ▌Jacob Weidle (Democratic) 38.54%
Pennsylvania 11	William L. Dewart	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y James H. Campbell (People's) 47.2% ▌William L. Dewart (Democratic) 28.95% ▌Joseph W. Cake (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 23.85%
Pennsylvania 12	Paul Leidy	Democratic	1857 (special)	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y George W. Scranton (People's) 61.89% ▌John McReynolds (Democratic) 38.11%
Pennsylvania 13	William H. Dimmick	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William H. Dimmick (Democratic) 54.95% ▌David K. Shoemaker (People's) 45.05%
Pennsylvania 14	Galusha A. Grow	Republican	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Galusha A. Grow (People's) 76.87% ▌Joel Parkhurst (Democratic) 23.13%
Pennsylvania 15	Allison White	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y James T. Hale (People's) 55.69% ▌Allison White (Democratic) 44.31%
Pennsylvania 16	John A. Ahl	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Benjamin F. Junkin (People's) 50.13% ▌Henry L. Fisher (Democratic) 49.87%
Pennsylvania 17	Wilson Reilly	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Edward McPherson (People's) 50.72% ▌Wilson Reilly (Democratic) 49.28%
Pennsylvania 18	John R. Edie	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel S. Blair (People's) 57.71% ▌Cyrus L. Pershing (Democratic) 42.29%
Pennsylvania 19	John Covode	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Covode (People's) 52.81% ▌Henry D. Foster (Democratic) 47.19%
Pennsylvania 20	William Montgomery	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Montgomery (Democratic) 61.5% ▌Jonathan Knight (People's) 38.5%
Pennsylvania 21	David Ritchie	Republican	1852	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y James K. Moorhead (People's) 57.27% ▌Andrew Burke (Democratic) 42.73%
Pennsylvania 22	Samuel A. Purviance	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Robert McKnight (People's) 55.25% ▌Thomas Williams (Anti-Tax) 39.65% ▌John Birmingham (Democratic) 5.1%
Pennsylvania 23	William Stewart	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Stewart (People's) 64.02% ▌Jonathan N. McGuffin (Democratic) 35.98%
Pennsylvania 24	James L. Gillis	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Chapin Hall (People's) 52.42% ▌James L. Gillis (Democratic) 47.58%
Pennsylvania 25	John Dick	Republican	1852	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Elijah Babbitt (People's) 60.73% ▌ James C. Crawford (Democratic) 39.27%

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1858 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[22]
Rhode Island 1	Nathan B. Durfee	Republican	1855	Incumbent retired. American/Republican gain.	First round: ▌Y Christopher Robinson (American; Republican) 49.29% ▌Y Thomas Davis (Republican) 31.4% ▌Olney Arnold (Democratic) 19.31% Runoff: ▌Y Christopher Robinson (American; Republican) 56.32% ▌Thomas Davis (Republican; Democratic) 43.68%
Rhode Island 2	William D. Brayton	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William D. Brayton (Republican) 63.93% ▌Alfred Anthony (Democratic) 36.07%

South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina, 1858 United States Senate election in South Carolina, and 1858 United States Senate special election in South Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[21]
South Carolina 1	John McQueen	Democratic	1849 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John McQueen (Democratic) Incomplete Data
South Carolina 2	William P. Miles	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William P. Miles (Democratic) ▌James Gadsden (Unknown) Incomplete Data
South Carolina 3	Laurence M. Keitt	Democratic	1853 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Laurence M. Keitt Incomplete Data
South Carolina 4	Milledge L. Bonham	Democratic	1857 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Milledge L. Bonham (Democratic) 100.00%
South Carolina 5	James Lawrence Orr	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y John D. Ashmore (Democratic) 59.4% ▌Thomas O. Vernon (Unknown) 40.6%
South Carolina 6	William W. Boyce	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William W. Boyce (Democratic) 100.00% Unopposed and incomplete data

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee and 1858 United States Senate election in Tennessee

Elections held late, on August 4, 1859.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[22]
Tennessee 1	Albert G. Watkins	Democratic	1855	Incumbent retired. Opposition gain.	▌Y Thomas A. R. Nelson (Opposition) 50.19% ▌Landon C. Haynes (Democratic) 49.81%
Tennessee 2	Horace Maynard	Know Nothing	1857	Incumbent re-elected as an Oppositionist. Opposition gain.	▌Y Horace Maynard (Opposition) 55.01% ▌I. C. Ramsay (Democratic) 44.99%
Tennessee 3	Samuel A. Smith	Democratic	1853	Incumbent lost re-election. Opposition gain.	▌Y Reese B. Brabson (Opposition) 53.39% ▌Samuel A. Smith (Democratic) 46.61%
Tennessee 4	John H. Savage	Democratic	1855	Incumbent lost re-election. Opposition gain.	▌Y William B. Stokes (Opposition) 51.85% ▌John H. Savage (Democratic) 48.15%
Tennessee 5	Charles Ready	Know Nothing	1853	Incumbent lost re-election as an independent. Opposition gain.	▌Y Robert H. Hatton (Opposition) 53.48% ▌Charles Ready (Independent; Democratic) 46.52%
Tennessee 6	George W. Jones	Democratic	1842	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y James H. Thomas (Democratic) 97.82% ▌William H. Polk (Unknown) 2.18%
Tennessee 7	John V. Wright	Democratic	1855	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John V. Wright (Democratic) 77.58% ▌Theodore H. Gibbs (Opposition) 22.42%
Tennessee 8	Felix Zollicoffer	Know Nothing	1853	Incumbent retired. Opposition gain.	▌Y James M. Quarles (Opposition) 52.86% ▌Thomas Menees (Democratic) 47.14%
Tennessee 9	John D. C. Atkins	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost re-election. Opposition gain.	▌Y Emerson Etheridge (Opposition) 50.02% ▌John D. C. Atkins (Democratic) 49.98%
Tennessee 10	William T. Avery	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William T. Avery (Democratic) 50.3% ▌John L. Sneed (Opposition) 47.71% ▌David M. Currin (Independent) 1.99%

Texas

See also: List of United States representatives from Texas, 1859 United States Senate election in Texas, and 1859 United States Senate special election in Texas

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[23]
Texas 1	John H. Reagan	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John H. Reagan (Democratic) 89.11% ▌William Beck Ochiltree (Independent) 10.89%
Texas 2	Guy M. Bryan	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y Andrew Jackson Hamilton (Ind. Democratic) 51.18% ▌Thomas Neville Waul (Democratic) 48.82%

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[24]
Vermont 1	E. P. Walton	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y E. P. Walton (Republican) 73.5% ▌Charles G. Eastman (Democratic) 26.0%
Vermont 2	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) 70.5% ▌Epaphro B. Chase (Democratic) 29.2%
Vermont 3	Homer E. Royce	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Homer E. Royce (Republican) 69.3% ▌William H. H. Bingham (Democratic) 30.6%

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia and 1858 United States Senate election in Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[25]
Virginia 1	Muscoe R. H. Garnett	Democratic	1856 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Muscoe R. H. Garnett (Democratic) 100%
Virginia 2	John Millson	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Millson (Democratic) 62.7% ▌[FNU] Pretlow (Opposition) 30.1% ▌[FNU] Chandler (Opposition) 5.2% ▌[FNU] Sykes (Opposition) 2.0%
Virginia 3	John Caskie	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y Daniel C. DeJarnette (Ind. Democratic) 50.5% ▌John Caskie (Democratic) 49.5%
Virginia 4	William Goode	Democratic	1841 1843 (retired) 1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Goode (Democratic) 63.8% ▌William C. Flournoy (Ind. Democratic) 36.2%
Virginia 5	Thomas S. Bocock	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas S. Bocock (Democratic) 88.8% ▌[FNU] Speed (Unknown) 9.9% ▌[FNU] Boisseau (Unknown) 1.4%
Virginia 6	Paulus Powell	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y Shelton Leake (Ind. Democratic) 59.2% ▌Paulus Powell (Democratic) 40.8%
Virginia 7	William Smith	Democratic	1841 (special) 1843 (lost) 1853	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Smith (Democratic) 49.4% ▌Henry Wirtz Thomas (Opposition) 46.5% ▌Henry Shackleford (Ind. Democratic) 4.2%
Virginia 8	Charles J. Faulkner	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. Opposition gain.	▌Y Alexander Boteler (Opposition) 50.6% ▌Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 49.4%
Virginia 9	John Letcher	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y John T. Harris (Ind. Democratic) 52.2% ▌James H. Skinner (Democratic) 47.8%
Virginia 10	Sherrard Clemens	Democratic	1852 (special) 1852 (retired) 1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sherrard Clemens (Democratic) 61.1% ▌Ralph L. Berkshire (Opposition) 38.9%
Virginia 11	Albert G. Jenkins	Democratic	1857	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Albert G. Jenkins (Democratic) 55.6% ▌James M. Laidley (Opposition) 44.4%
Virginia 12	Henry A. Edmundson	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry A. Edmundson (Democratic) 94.1% ▌William B. Preston (Opposition) 5.0% ▌Allen T. Caperton (Democratic) 1.0%
Virginia 13	George W. Hopkins	Democratic	1835 1847 (retired) 1857	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y Elbert S. Martin (Ind. Democratic) 53.4% ▌Benjamin Rush Floyd (Democratic) 46.6%

Wisconsin

See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[26]
Wisconsin 1	John F. Potter	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John F. Potter (Republican) 56.4% ▌Beriah Brown (Democratic) 43.6%
Wisconsin 2	Cadwallader C. Washburn	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 54.3% ▌Charles Dunn (Democratic) 45.7%
Wisconsin 3	Charles Billinghurst	Republican	1854	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Charles H. Larrabee (Democratic) 51.0% ▌Charles Billinghurst (Republican) 49.0%

Non-voting delegates

See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kansas	Marcus J. Parrott	Republican	1856 or 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1859.	▌Y Marcus J. Parrott (Republican) ▌ Sanders W. Johnston (Democratic)[27]
Nebraska	Fenner Ferguson	Independent Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. New delegate elected October 11, 1859.[28] Democratic gain. Election was later overturned due to a successful challenge by the loser.	▌Y Experience Estabrook (Democratic) ▌Samuel Gordon Daily (Republican)

See also

• 1858 United States elections
  • 1858–59 United States Senate elections
• 35th United States Congress
• 36th United States Congress

Notes

1. Regular elections, not specials
2. Includes two elected as Lecompton Democrats.
3. Also known as the Whigs in North Carolina^[3]
4. There was only one Whig candidate during the 1856-1857 period, who earned twenty-three votes.
5. Included one Independent Democrat or "Benton" Democrat: Francis Preston Blair Jr. of Missouri.
6. Includes five Anti-Lecompton Democrats, seven Independent Democrats, and three Anti-Administration Democrats.
7. Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Independent, Union Democrat, Anti-Administration Democrat, Anti-Lecompton Democrat, and Independent Democrat.
8. See The Kansas-Nebraska act
9. "Democratic" includes Independent Democrats and Anti-Lecompton Democrats.
10. New state. Representative seated February 14, 1859.
11. Includes 1 Independent Democrat.
12. Includes 1 Anti-Lecompton Democrat.
13. Includes 2 Anti-Lecompton Democrats.
14. In January 1845, Congress mandated a uniform date for choosing Presidential electors.^[6] Gradually, states brought other elections into conformity with this date.
15. Includes 2 Anti-Lecompton Democrats.
16. Includes 1 Independent Democrat and 3 Anti-Lecompton Democrats.
17. Includes 4 Independent Democrats.
18. Includes 1 Independent Democrat.
19. New state. Representative seated January 29, 1861.
20. An increase of one seat for the new state of Oregon. (See 11 Stat. 383 and United States congressional apportionment.)
21. The Guide to U.S. Elections gives 87.0%
22. The Guide to U.S. Elections gives 13.0%
23. The Guide to U.S. Elections gives 70.3%
24. The Guide to U.S. Elections gives 16.3%
25. The Guide to U.S. Elections gives 13.4%
26. The Political Text-Book for 1860 gives 61.4% and 38.6% for the candidates
27. Contested election
28. Not mentioned by Smith

References

1. Party Breakdown of the 36th House
2. "Electing the House of Representatives". dsl.richmond.edu.
3. Auman 2014, p. 27.
4. 11 Stat. 383
5. 12 Stat. 126
6. 5 Stat. 721
7. "Thirty-fifth Congress March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1859". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 18, 2019 – via History.house.gov.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
8. "Our Campaigns - NC District 08 - Special Election Race - Aug 05, 1858". www.ourcampaigns.com.
9. "Our Campaigns - PA District 08 - Special Election Race - Nov 30, 1858". www.ourcampaigns.com.
10. "Our Campaigns - NY District 4 - Special Election Race - Jan 04, 1859". www.ourcampaigns.com.
11. "Thirty-sixth Congress March 4, 1859, to March 3, 1861". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2019 – via History.house.gov.
12. "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
13. Dubin 1998, p. 183–184; 186.
14. Dubin 1998, p. 181.
15. Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1027. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
16. Dubin 1998, p. 184.
17. "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
18. Greeley, Horace; Cleveland, John F. (1860). A Political Text-Book for 1860. New York, New York: The Tribune Association. p. 248. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
19. Dubin 1998, p. 182; 186.
20. Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 84, 85.
21. Dubin 1998, p. 183.
22. Dubin 1998, p. 184–185.
23. Dubin 1998, p. 185.
24. "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
25. "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
26. "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
27. "The Man". The Kansas Chief. White Cloud, Kansas. Newspapers.com. p. 2. Retrieved January 21, 2024. Johnston...will have the exquisite pleasure of being skinned alive by Parrott, in November.
28. "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18". USGenNet.org.

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
• Auman, William T. (January 23, 2014). Civil War in the North Carolina Quaker Belt: The Confederate Campaign Against Peace Agitators, Deserters and Draft Dodgers. McFarland and Company. ISBN 9781476612997.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)