Zoroaster Temple

Zoroaster Temple is a 7,123-foot-elevation (2,171-meter) summit located in the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County of Arizona, USA.^[3] It is situated 5.5 miles (8.9 km) northeast of the Yavapai Point overlook on the canyon's North Rim, from which it can be seen towering over 4,600 feet (1,400 meters) above the Colorado River and Granite Gorge. Its nearest higher neighbor is Brahma Temple, less than one mile to the north-northeast.^[1] Zoroaster Temple is named for Zoroaster, an ancient Iranian prophet. This name was used by George Wharton James and Clarence Dutton.^[4] Dutton began the tradition of naming geographical features in the Grand Canyon after mythological deities.^[5] This geographical feature's name was officially adopted in 1906 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.^[3]

Zoroaster Temple
Southwest aspect
Highest point
Elevation	7,123 ft (2,171 m)[1]
Prominence	763 ft (233 m)[1]
Parent peak	Brahma Temple (7,551 ft)[2]
Isolation	0.88 mi (1.42 km)[2]
Coordinates	36°07′08″N 112°02′43″W[3]
Geography
Zoroaster Temple Show map of Arizona Zoroaster Temple Show map of the United States
Country	United States
State	Arizona
County	Coconino
Protected area	Grand Canyon National Park
Parent range	Kaibab Plateau[1] Colorado Plateau
Topo map	USGS Phantom Ranch
Geology
Rock type	Coconino Sandstone
Climbing
First ascent	1958
Easiest route	class 5.7 climbing[2]

The first ascent of the summit was made by Rick Tidrick and Dave Ganci in September 1958 via the NE Arete (class 5.9+).^[6][7] Other climbing routes include Screaming Sky Crack (class 5.11a FA 1994), and SE Face, a challenging class 5.11+ route that was first climbed in 2012. The 1958 Zoroaster ascent was the first technical climb in the Grand Canyon, transforming the Grand Canyon into a climbing mecca and setting off a rush to climb the many summits. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Zoroaster Temple is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone.^[8]

Geology

sandstone, unit-1, labeled in Tonto Group

The summit spire of Zoroaster Temple is composed of cream-colored, cliff-forming, Permian Coconino Sandstone with a small, remnant Kaibab Limestone and Toroweap Formation caprock.^[9] The sandstone, which is the third-youngest of the strata in the Grand Canyon, was deposited 265 million years ago as sand dunes. Below the Coconino Sandstone is slope-forming, Permian Hermit Formation, which in turn overlays the Pennsylvanian-Permian Supai Group. Further down are strata of Mississippian Redwall Limestone, Cambrian Tonto Group, and finally granite of the Paleoproterozoic Vishnu Basement Rocks at river level.^[10] Precipitation runoff from this feature drains south into the Colorado River via Zoroaster and Bright Angel Canyons.

Tonto Group and Vishnu Basement Rocks

The 3-unit Tonto Group rests on the Tonto Platform and is part of the Great Unconformity, expressed in many parts of the Grand Canyon. (The horizontal platform is the location of the Tonto Trail, extensive on the south side of Granite Gorge.)

The 3-unit Tonto Group has the lowest/base unit of highly resistant cliff-forming, typically short height Tapeats Sandstone. It is the contact layer with the Vishnu Basement Rocks below.

The majority thickness of the Tonto Group, is the slope-forming and commonly colorful dull-greenish Bright Angel Shale. The Shale slopes are below the 3rd unit, which sits as a short, resistant cliff at the base of the massive cliffs of the Redwall Limestone, the Muav Limestone.

Sumner Butte

Sumner Butte is a notable 5,126-foot-elevation geographical feature at the end of Zoroaster Temple's long west arm.^[11] With a prominence of only 106 feet it does not meet the criteria of a stand-alone summit, but does have a striking southwest face as it towers over 2,500 feet above Phantom Ranch at the confluence of the Colorado River and Bright Angel Creek.^[12] It is named for Jack Sumner (1840–1907), head boatman for John Wesley Powell's 1869 expedition down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon.^[13]

Gallery

• 
  Zoroaster from South Kaibab Trail
• 
• 
• 
  Brahma Temple (left) and Zoroaster Temple (right), from southwest
  (Sumner Butte, shaded, in lower left)
• 
  Zoroaster Temple, oil on canvas by Thomas Moran
• 
  Zoroaster Temple and Granite Gorge
• 
  Zoroaster and Brahma Temples from Shoshone Point
• 
  Zoroaster Temple and Sumner Butte (left) seen with footbridge over Colorado River
• 
  Zoroaster Temple (upper right) and Sumner Butte (center) rise above Colorado River and Vishnu Basement Rocks
• 
  Sumner Butte's south face
• 
  Sumner Butte
• 
  Geologic map showing caprocks of Zoroaster, Brahma, and Deva Temples-Kaibab Limestone upon a thin layer of erodible Toroweap Formation

See also

• Geology of the Grand Canyon area