Zhang Baixi

In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.

Zhang Baixi (simplified Chinese: 张百熙; traditional Chinese: 張百熙; pinyin: Zhāng Bǎixī; Courtesy Yěqiū (埜秋); Posthumous name: Wéndá (文達)) (1847–March 30, 1907) was a Chinese government official during the late Qing Dynasty who is known for initializing the education reform. He was considered to be the "father of university" in China.^[1] Both the Peking University and the Beijing Normal University respect him as a founder and president.

Zhang Baixi
Zhang in official robes
Minister of Post
In office November 7, 1906 – March 16, 1907
Preceded by	New position
Succeeded by	Lin Shaonian
Minister of Revenue
In office May 7, 1905 – November 6, 1906 Serving with Rongqing (until 1905), Tieliang (since 1905)
Preceded by	Zhao Erxun
Succeeded by	Puting (as minister of Finance)
Minister of Personnel
In office February 1, 1902 – May 7, 1905 Serving with Jingxin (until 1903), Shixu (1903–1905), Kuijun (since 1905)
Preceded by	Sun Jianai
Succeeded by	Lu Chuanlin
Minister of Justice
In office November 14, 1901 – February 1, 1902 Serving with Guiheng
Preceded by	Xue Yunsheng
Succeeded by	Ge Baohua
Minister of Works
In office July 25 – November 4, 1901 Serving with Songgui
Preceded by	Qi Hongji
Succeeded by	Ge Baohua
Personal details
Born	1847 Changsha, Qing China
Died	March 30, 1907(1907-03-30) (aged 59–60) Beijing, Qing China
Occupation	politician, educator

Zhang Baixi was born in Changsha County of Hunan province, where he studied in the top local school, Chengnan 城南书院, under Guo Songtao (1818-1891). In 1874, he earned a Jinshi degree and was elevated to the Hanlin Academy. As high administrator for many years, Zhang Baixi advocated profound political, economical and educational reforms. Although he was a member of the reform group led by Kang Youwei in the Hundred Days Reform of 1898, his role was small enough that his career continued to develop after the reformers were suppressed. After the Boxer Rebellion, partly because there were few surviving officials of ability and experience, he became a close advisor to the Empress Dowager.^[2]

Zhang proposed to reopen the Imperial Capital University (京師大學堂, former Peking University) founded in 1898. He had several motivations. One was national pride, to show the world that China could have a world-class university even after the Boxer debacle. A second was to keep higher education under the control of the central government, not local or provincial governments or private universities. He succeeded in getting government funding for an expanded and more impressive campus in the heart of the capital and for a well-supported faculty. Among his priorities for the university was a bureau to translate Japanese books and a compilation bureau which would publish text books of modern knowledge. According to one later official, Zhang's contribution to the development of Peking University was second only to that of Cai Yuanpei. ^[2]

In 1902, Zhang drafted the "Authorized School Regulation" (《欽定學堂章程》, alternatively called Renyin Educational system (壬寅學制)), "renyin" being the year 1902, which was put into effect by Qing government. In 1904, Zhang participated in the establishment of the "Presented School Regulation" (《奏定學堂章程》, also called "Guimao Educational System" (癸卯學制)), "guimao" being the year 1904, which was the first modern Chinese educational system.

Zhang died in Beijing in 1907.

Notes

1. "《辰子说林》".《大学当年》：直至庚子拳乱以后，张百熙以西安奏对为西后所喜，被命为管学大臣，始一意于大学之经营。此时为大学全盛时代，著名幽默家于晦若任总办、桐城大师吴汝纶任总教习，颇能集中人才，总其事者实为百熙，当时多呼百熙为“大学之父”也。
2. Weston (2004), p. 44-45.

References and further reading

• Xiaoqing Diana Lin. (SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture) Peking University, Chinese Scholarship and Intellectuals, 1898-1937. ISBN 0-7914-6321-4; ISBN 978-0-7914-6321-5
• Weston, Timothy B. (2004). The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898-1929. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520237676.