This article's lead sectionmay be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (October 2024)
ZVI operates by electron transfer from Fe0 toward some organochlorine compounds, a common class of pollutants. The remediation process is proposed to generate Fe2+ and Cl− and halide-free organic products, all of which are relatively innocuous.[5] The technology is not however been implemented, despite many proofs of principle.
Bulk Fe. Cast iron, consisting of scrap iron of construction grade, has been used as a reactive material for permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. Reactions are generally believed to occur on the Fe (oxide) surface; however, graphite inclusions have been shown can also serve as a reaction sites.[6]
Nanoscale Fe. In addition to using macroscale iron in PRBs, nanoparticles (1-100nm diameter) of zerovalent iron (nZVI) are effective.[2]
Zn. Zinc has showed much higher reactivity toward pentachlorophenol than iron. This indicates that zinc may be used as a replacement for ZVI in dechlorinating chlorinated phenols. Chlorinated phenols are sequentially dechlorinated and thus less chlorinated phenols have been identified as a reduction product.[7]
Many kinds of pollutants have been proposed, but few have been demonstrated in solving environmental challenges.
Cadmium (Cd2+) is converted to immobile Cd metal.[8]
nitrate reduction by iron powder is observed only at pH≤4.[10] Ammonia is the end product. Using nanoscale iron N2 gas is the product.[11]
Nitrated aromatics are reduced by bulk iron.[6][12][13]
Chlorinated pesticides such as DDT, DDD, and DDE. The rates of dechlorination are enhanced by the surfactant (Triton X-114).[14]
Tratnyek, P. G.; M. M. Scherer; T. J. Johnson; Matheson, L.J. (2003). Permeable reactive barriers of iron and other zerovalent metals. In: Tarr M. A. (ed.), Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants; Environmental and Industrial Applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Control, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 371–421. doi:10.1201/9780203912553.ch9
Li, Xiao-qin; Elliott, Daniel W.; Zhang, Wei-Xian (2006). "Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Materials and Engineering Aspects". Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 31 (4): 111–122. Bibcode:2006CRSSM..31..111L. doi:10.1080/10408430601057611. S2CID4834565.
Stefaniuk, Magdalena; Oleszczuk, Patryk; Ok, Yong Sik (2016). "Review on nano zerovalent iron (NZVI): From synthesis to environmental applications". Chemical Engineering Journal. 287: 618–632. Bibcode:2016ChEnJ.287..618S. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.046.
Gillham, Robert, John Vogan, Lai Gui, Michael Duchene, and Jennifer Son. "Iron Barrier Walls for Chlorinated Solvent Remediation." In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes. Ed. Hans F. Stroo and C. Herb Ward. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.
Jafarpour, B.; Imhoff, P. T.; Chiu. P.C. 2005. Quantification and modeling of 2,4-dinitrotoluene reduction with high-purity and cast iron. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 76(1-2): 87-107. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.08.001
Kim, Y. H.; Carraway, E. R. 2003. Dechlorination of chlorinated phenols by zerovalent zinc. Environmental Technology. 24(12): 1455-1463. doi:10.1080/09593330309385690
Boparai, Hardiljeet K.; Joseph, Meera; o'Carroll, Denis M. (2011). "Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 186 (1): 458–465. Bibcode:2011JHzM..186..458B. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.029. PMID21130566.
Bedner, M.; W. A. MacCrehan; G. R. Helz. 2004. Making chlorine greener: investigation of alternatives to sulfite for dechlorination. Water Research. 38(10): 2505-2514. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.010
Mahood, S. A.; Schaffner\doi=10.15227/orgsyn.011.0032, P. V. L. (1931). "2,4-Diaminotoluene". Organic Syntheses. 11: 32. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0032.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Sayles, G. D.; You, G.; Wang, M.; Kupferle, M. J. 1997. DDT, DDD, and DDE dechlorination by zerovalent iron. Environmental Science & Technology. 31(12): 3448-3454. doi:10.1021/es9701669
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