National Coalition Party

This article is about the Finnish party. For the El Salvadoran party, see National Coalition Party (El Salvador).

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus [ˈkɑnsɑlːinen ˈkokoːmus], Kok; Swedish: Samlingspartiet, Saml) is a liberal-conservative political party in Finland. It is currently the largest and the governing political party of Finland.

National Coalition Party Kansallinen Kokoomus (Finnish) Samlingspartiet (Swedish)
Abbreviation	Finnish: Kok Swedish: Saml
Chairperson	Petteri Orpo
Secretary	Timo Elo [fi]
General Secretary	Mikko Kortelainen [fi]
Parliamentary group leader	Matias Marttinen
Deputy chairs	Antti Häkkänen Anna-Kaisa Ikonen Karoliina Partanen [fi]
Founded	9 December 1918; 105 years ago (9 December 1918)
Merger of	Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
Headquarters	Töölönkatu 3, 00100 Helsinki
Newspaper	Nykypäivä [fi]
Think tank	Ajatuspaja Toivo [fi]
Youth wing	Youth of the National Coalition Party - Kokoomusnuoret [fi]
Women's wing	Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto [fi]
Student wing	Student Union of National Coalition Party – Tuhatkunta [fi]
Children's wing	Kansallinen Lastenliitto [fi]
LGBT wing	Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary [fi]
Membership (2021)	c. 27,000[1]
Ideology	Liberal conservatism Pro-Europeanism
Political position	Centre-right
European affiliation	European People's Party
European Parliament group	European People's Party
International affiliation	International Democracy Union
Nordic affiliation	Conservative Group
Colours	Dark blue
Eduskunta	48 / 200
European Parliament	4 / 15
Municipalities	1,552 / 8,859
County seats	289 / 1,379
Website
kokoomus.fi
Politics of Finland Political parties Elections

Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"^[2] and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. Their foreign stances are pro-NATO and pro-European oriented, the party is also a member of the European People's Party (EPP).^[3] The party is described by literature as a liberal,^[4] conservative^[5] as well as a liberal-conservative^[6] party on the centre-right,^[7] with catch-all characteristics.^[8]

The party's vote share has been approximately 20% in parliamentary elections since the 1990s and has only been out of coalition governments for eight years since then. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament (Finnish: Eduskunta; Swedish: Riksdagen) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it emerged as the most popular party for the first time in 2008. More recently, the NCP came to be the largest party during the Finnish 2023 general election, with 48 seats, and has been the lead party in the governing Orpo Cabinet since 20 June 2023.

History

1918–1939

Lion of the National Coalition.

Finnish election poster from 1933.

The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.^[9][10] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.^[11] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:

A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."^[12]

The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.^[13] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which the NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the fear of Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. The Communists, backed by the Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted over to very conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracting instead more irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.^[9][10][11]

In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical and nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under their newly elected party chair, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, but were nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939, only slowly managing to regain their support.^[10][11][14]

1939–2000

Election poster from 1948. "Be free, vote for the Coalition", written in Finnish.

Coalition election poster from 1953.

During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.^[15] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.^[11][16][17]

In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue to the current Kansallinen Kokoomus. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.^[18] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.^[19] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.^[10][11][17]

During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.^[10][11]

2000–present

Multicolour logo of the party before its rebranding in 2020.

After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.^[20] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing six seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.^[10][11][21]

Parliamentary election poster from 2019. "We believe in Finland", written in Finnish.

The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 electoral districts.^[10][22] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European who supports the restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.^[21] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.^[23]

In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-presidential position in the European Commission.^[24] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the Stubb Cabinet on 23 June 2014.^[11] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.^[25] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.^[26] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 361 to 441 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.^[27]

After the 2019 election, it became the third-largest party in the Finnish Parliament, behind the Social Democrats and the Finns Party, and became the second-largest opposition party after being excluded from the Rinne Cabinet.^[28]

Following the 2023 general election, it became the largest party with 48 seats. As a result, its leader Petteri Orpo started forming a coalition government.^[29] The Orpo Cabinet was sworn into office on 20 June 2023, a NCP-led coalition with the Finns Party, Christian Democrats and Swedish People's Party of Finland.^[30]

In February 2024, National Coalition Party candidate Alexander Stubb was elected as Finland's next president. In the second round of the election he beat Pekka Haavisto, a green running as an independent, by 51.6 percent to 48.4 percent.^[31]

Ideology and political position

A 1964 NCP poster. With "For the security of the future", written in Finnish.

Ideologically, the National Coalition Party is positioned from centre-right to right on the political spectrum,^[3][7] and it has been described as liberal,^[32][4][33] conservative,^[5][34][35] liberal-conservative,^[6][36][37] conservative-liberal,^[38] and fiscally conservative.^[39]

In 2014, the non-profit The Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.^[3]

Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.^[40] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, queer rights and same-sex marriage.^{[3][41][42][43]}

Despite the fact that it was previously considered to be critical of the Nordic welfare model, campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberal policies, such as increased social security, which was justified by the increase of individual liberty,^[32] although, in more recent years, some have accused the party of adopting more critical views of the welfare state and of embracing more fiscally conservative positions,^[44] in addition to the abandoning of their socially liberal and green values in order to move votes away from the growing Finns Party towards themselves.^[45][46]

In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. It is pro-European and supports continued European integration within the European Union (EU). For decades, the party advocated for Finnish membership in NATO,^[47] and supported the country's accession to the alliance in 2023, despite being in opposition at the time.

Voter base

Votes for NCP by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election with urban areas gathering the most support.

The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Helsinki metropolitan area who supports economic liberalism, conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.^[48] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters come predominantly from urban areas while rural areas tend to favor the Centre Party.^[3] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of female members out of the major parties.^[49] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.^[50] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.^[51] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns^[52] and was the most favored party among the young generation in polls conducted in 2008 and 2014.^[53][54]

Organisation

Structure

The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference (Finnish: puoluekokous), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council (Finnish: puoluevaltuusto).^[55]

Leadership

The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board (Finnish: puoluehallitus), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of the Finnish Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.^[55]

Funding

Two foundations, Kansallissäätiö and Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.^[56][57] Reportedly, donations to Kansallissäätiö are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.^[58] The NCP owns two companies, Kansalliskustannus Oy and Suomen Kansallismedia Oy, to publish the party newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset as well as to handle media communications.^[59] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group Borgerlig samling i Finland^[60] and the queer network Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary.^[61]

Election results

See also: Elections in Finland

Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland (Finnish: Suomen virallinen tilasto) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.

Parliament of Finland

Election	Votes	%	Seats	+/-	Government
1919	155,018	15.70	28 / 200	New	Opposition (1919–1920)
					Coalition (1920–1921)
					Opposition (1921–1922)
1922	157,116	18.15	35 / 200	7	Opposition
1924	166,880	18.99	38 / 200	2	Coalition (1924–1926)
					Opposition (1926–1927)
1927	161,450	17.74	34 / 200	4	Opposition
1929	138,008	14.51	28 / 200	6	Opposition
1930	203,958	18.05	42 / 200	14	Coalition (1930–1932)
					Opposition (1932–1933)
1933	187,527	16.93	32 / 200	10	Opposition
1936	121,619	10.36	20 / 200	12	Opposition
1939	176,215	13.58	25 / 200	5	Coalition (1939–1944)
					Opposition (1944–1945)
1945	255,394	15.04	28 / 200	3	Opposition
1948	320,366	17.04	33 / 200	5	Opposition
1951	264,044	14.57	28 / 200	5	Opposition
1954	257,025	12.80	24 / 200	4	Opposition
1958	297,094	15.28	29 / 200	5	Coalition (1958–1959)
					Opposition (1959–1962)
1962	346,638	15.06	32 / 200	3	Coalition
1966	326,928	13.79	26 / 200	6	Opposition
1970	457,582	18.05	37 / 200	11	Opposition
1972	453,434	17.59	34 / 200	3	Opposition
1975	505,145	18.37	35 / 200	1	Opposition
1979	626,764	21.65	47 / 200	12	Opposition
1983	659,078	22.12	44 / 200	3	Opposition
1987	666,236	23.13	53 / 200	9	Coalition
1991	526,487	19.31	40 / 200	13	Coalition
1995	497,624	17.89	39 / 200	1	Coalition
1999	563,835	21.03	46 / 200	7	Coalition
2003	517,904	18.55	40 / 200	6	Opposition
2007	616,841	22.26	50 / 200	10	Coalition
2011	598,369	20.44	44 / 200	6	Coalition
2015	540,212	18.20	37 / 200	7	Coalition
2019	523,957	17.00	38 / 200	1	Opposition
2023	644,555	20.82	48 / 200	10	Coalition

European Parliament

Election	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	EP Group
1996	453,729	20.17 (#3)	4 / 16	New	EPP
1999	313,960	25.27 (#1)	4 / 16	0	EPP-ED
2004	392,771	23.71 (#1)	4 / 14	0
2009	386,416	23.21 (#1)	3 / 13	1	EPP
2014	390,112	22.59 (#1)	3 / 13	0
2019	380,106	20.79 (#1)	3 / 13	0
2024	453,636	24.80 (#1)	4 / 15	1

Municipal

Election	Councillors	Votes	%
1950		88,159	5.85
1953		133,626	7.59
1956		105,220	6.29
1960		275,560	14.04
1964		213,378	10.0
1968	1,388	364,428	16.09
1972	1,503	451,484	18.06
1976	2,047	561,121	20.92
1980	2,373	628,950	22.94
1984	2,423	619,264	22.96
1988	2,392	601,468	22.87
1992	2,009	507,574	19.05
1996	2,167	514,313	21.64
2000	2,028	463,493	20.84
2004	2,078	521,412	21.83
2008	2,020	597,727	23.45
2012	1,735	544,682	21.9
2017	1,490	531,599	20.68
2021	1,552	522,623	21.4

Presidential

Indirect elections

Electoral college
Election	Candidate	Popular vote			First ballot		Second ballot		Third ballot		Results
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
1919
1925	Hugo Suolahti	141,240	22.7	68 / 300	68 / 300	22.7 (#3)	80 / 300	26.7 (#3)			Lost
1931	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	180,378	21.6	64 / 300	88 / 300	29.3 (#2)	98 / 300	17.7 (#2)	151 / 300	50.3 (#1)	Won
1937	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	240,602	21.6	63 / 300	94 / 300	31.3 (#2)	104 / 300	34.7 (#2)			Lost
1940	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud				1 / 300	0.3 (#4)					Lost
1943	Väinö Kotilainen [fi]				4 / 300	1.3 (#2)					Lost
1946	Juho Kusti Paasikivi				159 / 300	79.5 (#1)					Won
1950	Juho Kusti Paasikivi	360,789	22.9	68 / 300	171 / 300	57.0 (#1)					Won
1956	Juho Kusti Paasikivi	340,311	17.9	54 / 300			84 / 300	28.0 (#3)			Lost
1962		288,912	13.1	37 / 300
1968	Matti Virkkunen [fi]	432,014	21.2	58 / 300	66 / 300	22.0 (#2)					Lost
1978	Urho Kekkonen	360,310	14.7	45 / 300	259 / 300	86.3 (#1)					Won
1982	Harri Holkeri	593,271	18.7	58 / 300	58 / 300	19.3 (#2)	58 / 300	19.3 (#2)			Lost
1988[nb 1]	Harri Holkeri	603,180	20.2	63 / 300	63 / 300	21.0 (#3)	18 / 300	6.0 (#4)			Lost

Direct elections

Election	Candidate	1st round		2nd round		Result
		Votes	%	Votes	%
1988[nb 1]	Harri Holkeri	570,340	18.4			Lost
1994	Raimo Ilaskivi	485,035	15.2			Lost
2000	Riitta Uosukainen	392,305	12.8			Lost
2006	Sauli Niinistö	725,866	24.1	1,518,333	48.2	Lost
2012	Sauli Niinistö	1,131,254	37.0	1,802,400	62.6	Won
2018	Sauli Niinistö	1,874,334	62.6			Won
2024	Alexander Stubb	882,113	27.21	1,575,211	51.62	Won

The elected Presidents of the National Coalition Party

• 
  P.E. Svinhufvud
• 
  J.K. Paasikivi
• 
  Sauli Niinistö
• 
  Alexander Stubb

Prominent party leaders

The following NCP members have held high offices:^[62]

• Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
• Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
• Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
• Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
• Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
• Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
• Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
• Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–2024
• Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014, vice president of the European Commission 2014–2019
• Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016, President of Finland, 2024–
• Petteri Orpo – Minister of Finance 2016–2019, Speaker of the Parliament 2023–2023, Prime Minister 2023–

See also

• Finland portal
• Politics portal
• Liberalism portal
• Conservatism portal

• Constitution of Finland
• Foreign relations of Finland
• Petteri Orpo – current party chairperson and Prime Minister of Finland
• Moderate Party – similar party in Sweden

Notes

1. The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. With no candidate achieving a majority of the popular vote, the president was elected by the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.

References

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External links

• Official website (in English)