Yankee Conference

The Yankee Conference was a collegiate sports conference in the eastern United States. From 1947 to 1976, it sponsored competition in many sports, but was a football-only league from mid-1976 until its dissolution in 1996. It is essentially the ancestor of today's CAA Football, the legally separate football league operated by the Coastal Athletic Association (CAA), and the continuation of the New England Conference, though all three leagues were founded under different charters and are considered separate conferences by the NCAA. Also, CAA Football does not recognize the New England Conference as one of its predecessors, though it does recognize the Yankee Conference as such.^[1]

Yankee Conference

Association	NCAA
Founded	1946
Ceased	1997
Division	College Division (1946–1972) Division II (1973–1977) Division I (1978–1997)
Subdivision	Division I-AA (1978–1997)
Region	New England; after 1986, Mid-Atlantic states

For the first half of its history, the Yankee Conference consisted of the flagship public universities of the six New England states. Conference expansion in the 1980s and 1990s added several colleges and universities from the Mid-Atlantic region.

Formation

In 1945, Northeastern University, the only private school in the New England Conference, announced its departure.^{[citation needed]} A committee formed by the remaining four members, land-grant colleges and universities representing Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, recommended that they join with the other two New England land-grant institutions, Massachusetts State College (which had also been a founding member of the NEC in 1923, but left in the 1930s) and the University of Vermont, in a new athletics league. This led to the formation of the Yankee Conference in December 1946,^[2] with athletic competition beginning in the 1947–48 school year.

Charter members

For its first 24 years, the conference consisted of the six charter members, each of which was the flagship public university of its state:

• University of Connecticut
• University of Maine
• University of Massachusetts Amherst (new name adopted in 1947)
• University of New Hampshire
• University of Rhode Island (known as Rhode Island State College until 1951)
• University of Vermont

During this time, Yankee Conference football teams competed in the College Division of the NCAA, the lower of two tiers of varsity competition. The conference also sponsored several other sports, such as basketball and baseball. Conference bylaws required all members to field teams in all conference-sponsored sports.

1970s: In and out in New England

In 1971, the conference announced its first expansion, the addition of Boston University and the College of the Holy Cross.^[3] Both are private institutions (nonsectarian and Roman Catholic, respectively), and fit within the conference's existing geographic footprint, giving it a presence in Massachusetts' largest (Boston) and second-largest (Worcester) cities.

Both had previously competed as independents, and had a long tradition of meeting Yankee Conference members in non-league games. Because their seasons were scheduled years in advance, neither BU nor HC were able to begin league play in football immediately.^[3] Though it officially joined the conference in 1971, Boston University did not start competing for the football championship until 1973; Holy Cross never did.

Holy Cross had made another decision in the early 1970s that profoundly affected its athletics teams: the formerly all-male college began admitting women. Holy Cross already had by far the smallest enrollment in the conference, and administrators reached the conclusion that its shrinking male population would not be able to field competitive teams in all Yankee Conference sports. Accordingly, Holy Cross announced in November 1972 that it would quit the conference immediately.^[4]

The conference rule that all members must compete in all sports was tested again in 1974, when Vermont announced it would drop its football program at the end of that season. In 1975, the conference allowed its members to choose conference participation on a sport-by-sport basis.^[5] Later in the year, however, it opted to drop sponsorship of all sports except football at the conclusion of the 1975–76 season, effectively ending Vermont's association with the conference.

The 1970s also brought a change in how the NCAA classified football programs. In 1973, the old College Division was replaced by NCAA Division II, for "minor" programs that offer athletic scholarships, and NCAA Division III, for those without scholarships. The Yankee Conference programs were all placed in Division II. In 1978, the NCAA introduced Division I-AA, a subdivision that allowed universities competing in Division I in other sports to field football teams in that division without having to match up with the major football powers.^[6] From that point, all Yankee Conference members have been members of Division I-AA,^[7] later renamed the Football Championship Subdivision.

1980s–90s: Expansion in the South

Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the football-only Yankee Conference included six members: Boston University, UConn, Maine, UMass, UNH and URI. Starting in the mid-1980s, the conference began to admit members from outside New England, forming a second cluster of universities in the Mid-Atlantic region:

• University of Delaware in 1986 (in Delaware)
• University of Richmond in 1986 (in Virginia)
• Villanova University in 1988 (in Pennsylvania)
• James Madison University in 1993 (in Virginia)
• College of William & Mary in 1993 (in Virginia)

Also in 1993, Northeastern University in Boston joined the Yankee Conference.

Following the 1993 additions, the Yankee Conference had 12 members, and split into two six-team divisions, a "New England Division" consisting of the five remaining charter members plus Boston University, and a "Mid-Atlantic Division" consisting of the colleges that joined the conference in the 1980s and 1990s. Northeastern competed in the Mid-Atlantic despite being geographically located in New England.

1996: Merger with A-10

The 12-member, two-division arrangement continued until 1996, when the NCAA adopted rules limiting the influence of single-sport conferences over policy. Facing extinction, the conference merged with the Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10), which did not previously sponsor football, on November 13, 1996.^[8] UMass and URI were already members of the A-10 in other sports; the other 10 Yankee members became associate members in football only. For the 1997 season, the A-10 football league had the exact same members and division structure as the 1996 Yankee Conference.

After membership changes in the Colonial Athletic Association (now the Coastal Athletic Association) over the following 10 years, management of the A-10 football conference, which continued to include most of the former Yankee Conference teams, passed to the CAA in 2007. At that time, the separate entity of CAA Football was established.

Member institutions

The all-time members of the Yankee Conference.

Institution	Location	Founded	Type	Joined	Nickname	Colors
Boston University	Boston, MA	1839	Private	1971†	Terriers	Scarlet & white[9]
University of Connecticut	Storrs, CT	1881	Public	1946	Huskies	Navy Blue, white, & grey[10]
University of Delaware	Newark, DE	1743	Private and Public	1986	Fightin' Blue Hens	Blue & yellow-gold[11]
College of the Holy Cross	Worcester, MA	1843	Private	1971‡	Crusaders	Purple & white[12]
James Madison University	Harrisonburg, VA	1908	Public	1993	Dukes	Purple & gold[13]
University of Maine	Orono, ME	1865	Public	1946	Black Bears	Dark blue, light blue & white[14]
University of Massachusetts Amherst	Amherst, MA	1863	Public	1946	Aggies/Redmen/Minutemen	UMass Maroon & white[15]
University of New Hampshire	Durham, NH	1866	Public	1946	Wildcats	UNH Blue & white[16]
Northeastern University	Boston, MA	1898	Private	1993	Huskies	Black & red[17]
University of Rhode Island	Kingston, RI	1892	Public	1946	Rams	Keaney blue, white & navy blue[18]
University of Richmond	Richmond, VA	1830	Private	1986	Spiders	UR Blue & UR Red[19]
University of Vermont	Burlington, VT	1791	Public	1946‡	Catamounts	Green & gold[20]
Villanova University	Villanova, PA	1842	Private	1988	Wildcats	Blue & white[21]
The College of William & Mary	Williamsburg, VA	1693	Public	1993	Tribe	Green & gold[22]

† Boston University joined the conference in 1971, but did not compete for the football championship until 1973.
‡ Holy Cross and Vermont ended their Yankee Conference affiliation in 1972 and 1976, respectively. Holy Cross never competed in the football championship, and Vermont ended its football program after 1974. All other conference members remained until 1996, when the league was absorbed by the Atlantic 10.

Membership timeline

Full members (all-sports) Full members (non-football) Assoc. members (football only)

Overtime rule

The Yankee Conference was the first college football conference to implement college football's current overtime rules. The overtime rules known as the "Kansas Playoff" or "Kansas Plan", where each team is given a possession at the 25 yard line, was used by the Yankee Conference to determine the end to tie games well before it was adopted by the rest of the NCAA in 1996.^{[citation needed]}

Conference champions

Football Year Champion 1947  New Hampshire 1948 New Hampshire 1949 Connecticut, Maine 1950 New Hampshire 1951 Maine 1952 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire 1953 New Hampshire, Rhode Island 1954 New Hampshire 1955 Rhode Island 1956 Connecticut 1957 Connecticut, Rhode Island 1958 Connecticut 1959 Connecticut 1960 Connecticut, Massachusetts 1961 Maine 1962 New Hampshire 1963 Massachusetts 1964 Massachusetts 1965 Maine 1966 Massachusetts 1967 Massachusetts 1968 Connecticut, New Hampshire 1969 Massachusetts 1970 Connecticut 1971 Connecticut, Massachusetts 1972 Massachusetts 1973 Connecticut 1974 Maine, Massachusetts 1975 New Hampshire 1976 New Hampshire 1977 Massachusetts 1978 Massachusetts 1979 Massachusetts 1980 Boston University 1981 Rhode Island, Massachusetts 1982 Boston U., Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts 1983 Boston U., Connecticut 1984 Boston U., Rhode Island 1985 Rhode Island 1986 Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts 1987 Maine, Richmond 1988 Delaware, Massachusetts 1989 Connecticut, Maine, Villanova 1990 Massachusetts 1991 Delaware, New Hampshire, Villanova 1992 Delaware 1993 Boston U. 1994 New Hampshire 1995 Delaware 1996 William & Mary

Men's basketball Year Regular season champion 1946–47 Vermont 1947–48 Connecticut 1948–49 Connecticut 1949–50 Rhode Island 1950–51 Connecticut 1951–52 Connecticut 1952–53 Connecticut 1953–54 Connecticut 1954–55 Connecticut 1955–56 Connecticut 1956–57 Connecticut 1957–58 Connecticut 1958–59 Connecticut 1959–60 Connecticut 1960–61 Rhode Island 1961–62 Massachusetts 1962–63 Connecticut 1963/64 Connecticut Rhode Island 1964/65 Connecticut 1965–66 Connecticut Rhode Island 1966–67 Connecticut 1967–68 Massachusetts Rhode Island 1968–69 Massachusetts 1969–70 Connecticut Massachusetts 1970–71 Massachusetts 1971–72 Rhode Island 1972–73 Massachusetts 1973–74 Massachusetts 1974–75 Massachusetts 1975–76 Massachusetts

Men's soccer

• 1965: Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut
• 1966: Vermont
• 1967: Vermont
• 1968: Vermont, Rhode Island
• 1969: Vermont
• 1970: Massachusetts
• 1971: Rhode Island, Vermont
• 1972: Rhode Island
• 1973: Connecticut
• 1974: Connecticut
• 1975: Vermont
• 1976: Connecticut
• 1977: Rhode Island
• 1978: Connecticut
• 1979: New Hampshire

Modern club football conference

The phrase "Yankee Conference" is alluded to in the 21st-century Yankee Collegiate Football Conference, which fields teams at the club football level.

Three of the schools in the original Yankee Conference, Boston University, Maine and Vermont, fielded teams in the modern Yankee Conference: since neither Boston nor Vermont currently has a varsity team, the club football team was the highest ranking football team representing the school in both cases.

The other two schools in the modern Yankee Conference were Clarkson University and Onondaga Community College. The conference also allowed an independent team, the Southwestern Connecticut Grizzlies, to play in the league and contest for the championship, even though it was not associated with any college or university. The modern conference last played in 2016.

See also

• List of defunct college football conferences
• Hockey East

References

1. "The CAA & CAA Football". Coastal Athletic Association. Retrieved July 25, 2023. The conference celebrated 75 years in 2022, with its roots tracing back to the Yankee Conference (1947-1996) and the Atlantic 10 Football Conference (1997-2006) before CAA Football begin (sic) in 2007.
2. "N.E. Conference Formed Among Six Colleges". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Mass. Associated Press. December 18, 1946. p. 20. Retrieved December 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
3. "Boston U., Holy Cross Join Yankee Conference". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Conn. United Press International. May 26, 1971. p. 35 – via Newspapers.com.
4. "Holy Cross Quits Yankee Conference". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. United Press International. November 15, 1972. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
5. "YanCon Schools Gets Free Rein". Bangor Daily News. July 31, 1975. p. 24. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
6. Underwood, John (January 23, 1978). "The NCAA splits its decision". Sports Illustrated Vault | SI.com. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
7. "History of FCS Conferences". Fear The FCS. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
8. "Results Plus," The Associated Press, Thursday, November 14, 1996. Retrieved December 30, 2017
9. "University Colors Become Official". Boston University.
10. "UConn Color Palette". www.uconn.edu.
11. "The UD Brand". www.udel.edu.
12. "Visual Identity Toolkit". www.holycross.edu.
13. "JMU Identity Colors". www.jmu.edu.
14. "Branding Toolbox". www.umaine.edu.
15. "Official UMass Colors". www.umass.edu.
16. "Visual Identity & Branding". www.unh.edu.
17. "Colors". www.northeastern.edu.
18. "URI Branding and Identity Toolkit — Color". www.uri.edu.
19. "University of Richmond Palettes". www.richmond.edu.
20. "Primary Athletic Marks" (PDF). www.uvm.edu.
21. "Visual Identity Guidelines". www.villanova.edu.
22. "University Colors". www.wm.edu.