Věra Čáslavská

Věra Čáslavská (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvjɛra ˈtʃaːslafskaː]; 3 May 1942 – 30 August 2016) was a Czechoslovak artistic gymnast and Czech sports official. She won a total of 22 international titles between 1959 and 1968 including seven Olympic gold medals, four world titles and eleven European championships. Čáslavská is the most decorated Czech gymnast in history and is one of only three female gymnasts, along with the Soviet Larisa Latynina and American Simone Biles, to win the all-around gold medal at two Olympics.^[2] She remains the only gymnast, male or female, to have won an Olympic gold medal in each individual event. She was also the first gymnast to achieve a perfect 10 at a major competition in the post-1952 era. She held the record for the most individual gold medals (with 7) among all female athletes (not only gymnasts) in Olympic history as well until it was surpassed by swimmer Katie Ledecky in 2024 after 56 years.

Věra Čáslavská
Čáslavská at the 1967 European Championships
Personal information
Full name	Věra Čáslavská
Nickname(s)	Japanese: 「東京の恋人」 English: the love of Tokyo Japanese: 「オリンピックの名花」 English: darling of the Olympic Games Spanish: La Novia de México English: The Bride of Mexico
Country represented	Czechoslovakia
Born	(1942-05-03)3 May 1942 Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Died	30 August 2016(2016-08-30) (aged 74) Prague, Czech Republic
Height	1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)[1]
Weight	58 kg (128 lb)
Discipline	Women's artistic gymnastics
Years on national team	~1958–68 (TCH)
Retired	1968
Medal record Representing  Czechoslovakia Olympic Games 1964 Tokyo All-around 1964 Tokyo Vault 1964 Tokyo Balance beam 1968 Mexico City All-around 1968 Mexico City Vault 1968 Mexico City Uneven bars 1968 Mexico City Floor exercise 1960 Rome Team 1964 Tokyo Team 1968 Mexico City Team 1968 Mexico City Balance beam World Championships 1962 Prague Vault 1966 Dortmund All-around 1966 Dortmund Team 1966 Dortmund Vault 1958 Moscow Team 1962 Prague All-around 1962 Prague Team 1966 Dortmund Balance beam 1966 Dortmund Floor exercise 1962 Prague Floor exercise European Championships 1959 Kraków Balance beam 1965 Sofia All-around 1965 Sofia Vault 1965 Sofia Uneven bars 1965 Sofia Floor exercise 1965 Sofia Balance beam 1967 Amsterdam All-around 1967 Amsterdam Vault 1967 Amsterdam Uneven bars 1967 Amsterdam Floor exercise 1967 Amsterdam Balance beam 1959 Kraków Vault 1961 Leipzig All-around

In addition to her gymnastics success, Čáslavská was known for her outspoken support of the Czechoslovak democratization movement and her opposition to the 1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia. At the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, she took this protest to the world stage by quietly looking down and away while the Soviet national anthem was played during the medal ceremonies for the balance beam and floor exercise event finals. While Čáslavská's actions were applauded by her compatriots, they resulted in her becoming a persona non grata in the new regime. She was forced into retirement and for many years was denied the right to travel, work and attend sporting events.

Čáslavská's situation improved in the 1980s after the intervention of members of the International Olympic Committee, and following the Velvet Revolution her status got better significantly. During the 1990s she held several positions of honor, including a term as president of the Czech Olympic Committee.

Gymnastics career

Čáslavská and the Czechoslovak team at the 1967 European Championships

Born in Prague and originally a figure skater, Čáslavská debuted internationally in 1958 at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, winning a silver medal in the team event. Her first international title came the following year at the European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships where she won gold on the vault and silver on the balance beam. She first participated in the 1960 Summer Olympic Games, winning a silver medal with the Czechoslovak team, and then won bronze in the all around event at the 1961 European Championships. She fought for the all-around title at home in the 1962 World Championships, held off only by Larisa Latynina, and managed to win her first world title, in the vault. She did not compete at the 1963 European Championships in Paris.^[3][4]

Between 1964 and 1968, Čáslavská won 19 individual gold medals in major international competitions. In this period she remained undefeated in the all-around in major international competition. She is the only female gymnast ever to win every Olympic, World Championships and European Championships all-around title from one Olympiad to the next one. She was at her peak at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, winning the overall title and taking gold medals in the balance beam and the vault, in addition to another silver medal in the team event. At the 1966 World Championships, Čáslavská defended her vault title, winning a team gold – breaking the Soviet monopoly in that event – and became all-around world champion. Čáslavská dominated the 1965 and 1967 European Championships, taking all five individual titles^[3][4] and scoring two perfect scores of 10 in 1967.^[5] She is the only gymnast who has swept all five European individual golds twice.

Prior to the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Čáslavská lost her training facility due to the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia. Instead, she used potato sacks as weights and logs as beams whilst training in the forests of Hrubý Jeseník mountains in northern Moravia.^[6] She was again dominant at the 1968 Summer Olympics, winning medals in all six events. She defended her all-around title and won additional gold medals on the floor, uneven bars and vault, as well as two silvers, for the team competition and balance beam.^[3][4] She won the 1968 Olympic all-around title with the highest recorded score up to that time. Her win by 1.4 points has remained the largest margin of victory in Olympics, World, World Cup, or European Championships for women in an all-around competition for 48 years. It was finally surpassed in 2016, ten years after a major rule change (the 2006 implementation of open ended scoring). As of the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris, she and Larisa Latynina are the only gymnasts to win the gold medal in individual all-around in consecutive Olympic games. She is also one of only two female gymnasts to defend gold medal in the vault apparatus. Her use of the "Jarabe tapatío" as the music for her floor routine and her subsequent marriage in the city made her immensely popular with the Mexican crowd.^[6]

Protest at the 1968 Olympics

Čáslavská's wins at the 1968 Olympics were particularly poignant because of the political turmoil in Czechoslovakia. She had publicly voiced her strong opposition to Soviet-style Communism and the Soviet invasion, and had signed Ludvik Vaculík's protest manifesto "Two Thousand Words" in the spring of 1968. Consequently, to avoid being arrested, she left the training facility in the town of Šumperk with the help of Zdeněk Zerzáň, chief of Jeseníky Mountain Rescue Service. She spent the weeks leading up to the Olympics hiding in a remote mountain hut at Vřesová studánka, and was only granted permission to travel to Mexico City at the last minute.^[7][8]

At the Olympics, where she once again faced Soviet opposition, Čáslavská continued to subtly voice her views. After she appeared to have won the gold medal on floor outright, the judging panel curiously upgraded the preliminary scores of Soviet Larisa Petrik, and declared a tie for the gold instead. All of this occurred on the heels of another very controversial judging decision that cost Čáslavská the gold on beam, instead awarding the title to her Soviet rival Natalia Kuchinskaya. Clearly disheartened and angered by the politics that favored the USSR, she protested during both medal ceremonies by quietly turning her head down and away during the playing of the Soviet national anthem.^{[2][9][10][11]}

Later career

Čáslavská was revered by Czech people for her brave demonstration on the world's biggest stage, and she was awarded Czechoslovakia's Sportsperson of the Year award in 1968 (for the fourth and final time). Her federation, however, was none too pleased. For her consistent support of the Czechoslovak democratization movement (the Prague Spring) in 1968, and during the purges which followed the Soviet-led invasion in August 1968, she was deprived of the right to travel abroad and participate in public sport events both in Czechoslovakia and abroad. Čáslavská was effectively forced into retirement, and was considered a persona non grata for many years in her home country.^[12]

Czechoslovak authorities refused to publish her autobiography, and insisted that it be heavily censored when it was released in Japan.^[8] She was granted leave to work as a coach in Mexico, but reportedly only when the Mexican government threatened to cease oil exports to Czechoslovakia.^[12][13] After return from Mexico in the beginning of 1980s she shared an office with Emil Zátopek where the two former sport stars and present-day outcasts were given meaningless administrative roles. In the late 1980s, following pressure from Juan Antonio Samaranch, the then president of the International Olympic Committee, who had presented her with the Olympic Order, Čáslavská was finally allowed to work as a gymnastics coach and judge in her home country.^[2][12]

After the Velvet Revolution in November 1989 brought an end to communist government in Czechoslovakia, Čáslavská's status improved dramatically. She became President Havel's adviser on sports and social matters and Honorary President of the Czech-Japan Association.^[12] Later, after leaving the President's Office, she was elected President of the Czech Olympic Committee.^[7][8] In 1995, she was appointed to the IOC membership committee.^[4]

Eponymous skill

Čáslavská has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.^[14]

Apparatus	Name	Description	Difficulty[a]
Uneven bars	Čáslavská	From front support on high bar - swing backward with release and 1/1 turn (360°) to hang on high bar	C

1. Valid for the 2022-2024 Code of Points

Honours

Čáslavská received numerous accolades for her contributions to the sport of gymnastics. In addition to the Olympic Order, she was awarded a 1989 Pierre de Coubertin International Fair Play Trophy by UNESCO and was noted at the ceremony for her "exemplary dignity".^[15] In 1995, she was honored with the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit.^[4] She was inducted into the International Women's Sports Hall of Fame in 1991^[16] and the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 1998.^[9] In 2010, she was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class. She was also presented a 17th-century katana^[17] and a ceremonial kimono from the Japanese emperor.^[18]

In 2014, she was the joint recipient (with AP journalist Iva Drapalova) of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award, awarded annually by the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel Foundation, for outstanding civic courage.^[19][20]

An inner main belt asteroid (26986) Caslavska^[21] is named for her.

Personal life and death

Čáslavská and Odložil getting married in Mexico City on 26 October 1968

Čáslavská in 2015

Shortly before the end of the 1968 Olympics, Čáslavská married runner Josef Odložil, who had been a silver medalist at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. The ceremony, which took place at the Mexico City Cathedral, drew a crowd of thousands.^[8] They had a daughter, Radka, and a son, Martin.^[2] The couple divorced in 1987.^[22] In 1993, her son and ex-husband were involved in an altercation with Martin allegedly punching Josef; he fell to the floor and struck his head, leading to his death after 35 days. Čáslavská became severely depressed and apathetic and was rarely seen in public afterwards.^[10] For a while she was treated at a psychiatric hospital where she even underwent electroshock treatment, before moved into nursing home. Čáslavská eventually overcame her depression (which she had been fighting for about 15 years), cancel all medication and returned to both social and sports lives, coaching younger gymnasts. After many years of seclusion, when she was barely seen except by her closest friends and family, she had seemed to be regaining her appetite for life. She was describing her new-found energy as “miraculous” and had recovered enough joie de vivre to delight Mexican spectators, as a guest at a gymnastics event in Acapulco, by demonstrating spontaneously that at 70 she could still do the splits.^[23]

Čáslavská was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2015. Her health deteriorated significantly in the summer of 2016, to such an extent that she was taken to a hospital in Prague on 30 August, where she died at the age of 74.^[24]

Competition history

Year	Event	Team	AA	VT	UB	BB	FX
1957	Junior Championships of the Republic
1958	CSSR Championships
	World Championships		8
1959	CSSR Championships
	European Championships		8
1960	CSSR Championships
	CSSR Spartakiade
	Olympic Games		8			6
1961	CSSR Championships
	CSSR-GDR Dual Meet		4
	European Championships			6	5	6
1962	CSSR Championships
	CSSR-GDR-UKR Tri-Meet
	Tbilisi International
	World Championships				5	5
1963	JPN-CSSR Dual Meet
1964	CSSR Championships
	CSSR-GDR Dual Meet
	Olympic Games				5		6
	USA-CSSR Dual Meet
1965	CSSR Spartakiade
	European Championships
1966	CSSR Championships
	HUN-CSSR-GBR Tri-Meet
	FRG-CSSR Dual Meet
	World Championships				4
1967	CSSR Championships
	European Championships
1968	CSSR Championships
	Olympic Games

^[4]

See also

• List of top Olympic gymnastics medalists
• List of top medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships

References

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Věra Čáslavská". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
2. "Whatever happened to Vera Čáslavská?". Gymnastics Greats. 1999. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
3. "Vera Čáslavská". International Gymnast. 2004. Archived from the original on 8 May 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
4. "Bio and list of competitive results at Gymn-Forum". Gymn Forum. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
5. Tatlow, Peter (1979). Gymnastics: all the beauty and skills of this thrilling sport. Chartwell Books, Inc. p. 143. ISBN 9780711100046.
6. "Čáslavská reigns supreme again with four gymnastics golds". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
7. "Vera Čáslavská: The heroine of Mexico". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
8. Cameron, Rob (3 May 2002). "Czechoslovak sports legend Vera Caslavska celebrates 60th birthday". Czech Radio International. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
9. "Čáslavská's entry at the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame". International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
10. "Vera Caslavska and the forgotten story of her 1968 Olympics protest". BBC Sport. 20 October 2018.
11. Charles P. Pierce (21 August 2023). "Olga Kharlan's Stand Had History Behind It". Defector.
12. Janofsky, Michael (9 April 1990). "A Departure From the Past". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
13. Eskenazi, Gerald (2 August 1992). "BARCELONA; For Czech Athletes, the Door to Future Games May Have 2 Entrances". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
14. "2022-2024 Code of Points Women's Artistic Gymnastics" (PDF). International Gymnastics Federation. pp. 80, 207. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
15. "Address by Mr. Federico Mayor" (PDF). UNESCO. 5 November 1990. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
16. "List of Honorees, International Women's Sports Hall of Fame". International Women's Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
17. Martin Hašek. "Legendární gymnastka Věra Čáslavská: Můj meč hlavy nestínal" (in Czech). Isport. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
18. "The Important Persons of the Czech Olympism". National Museum. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
19. "Recipients of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award". Prague Society. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
20. "Věra Čáslavská and Iva Drápalová receive HRE Citizenship Award". Global Panel Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
21. "Asteroid Caslavska". Space reference.
22. "Past Olympics Athletes >> Vera Caslavska". ESPN. Agence France-Presse. 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
23. "The Mexican Open History (2011 – 2017)". Gymnastics Cool Facts.
24. "Czech gymnast Caslavska, Olympic great and icon of anti-Soviet protests, dies at 74". Reuters. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.

External links

• Věra Čáslavská at the International Gymnastics Federation
• Věra Čáslavská at the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame
• Věra Čáslavská at Olympics.com
• Věra Čáslavská at Olympic.org (archived)
• Věra Čáslavská at Olympedia
• Věra Čáslavská at Olympijskytym.cz (in Czech)

Sporting positions
Preceded by Jindřich Poledník	President of the Czech Olympic Committee 1990–1996	Succeeded by Milan Jirásek