Virgo Cluster

The Virgo Cluster is a large cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly (16.5 ± 0.1 Mpc)^[2] away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1,300 (and possibly up to 2,000) member galaxies,^[3] the cluster forms the heart of the larger Virgo Supercluster, of which the Local Group (containing our Milky Way galaxy) is a member. The Local Group actually experiences the mass of the Virgo Supercluster as the Virgocentric flow. It is estimated that the Virgo Cluster's mass is 1.2×10¹⁵ M_☉ out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 Mpc.^[4]

Virgo Cluster
Virgo Cluster showing the diffuse light between member galaxies. Messier 87 is the largest galaxy (lower left).
Observation data (Epoch J2000)
Constellation(s)	Virgo & Coma Berenices
Right ascension	12h 27m [1]
Declination	+12° 43′[1]
Brightest member	Messier 49
Number of galaxies	~1,500[1]
Parent structure	Virgo Supercluster
Bautz–Morgan classification	III[1]
Binding mass	1015 M☉

Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s and subsequently included in Charles Messier's catalogue of non-cometary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as nebulae without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s.^[A]

The cluster subtends a maximum arc of approximately 8 degrees centered in the constellation Virgo. Although some of the cluster's most prominent members can be seen with smaller instruments, a 6-inch telescope will reveal about 160 of the cluster's galaxies on a clear night. Its brightest member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 49; however its most famous member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 87, which is located in the center of the cluster.^[6]

Characteristics

The cluster is a fairly heterogeneous mixture of spiral and elliptical galaxies.^[7] As of 2004^[update], it is believed that the spiral galaxies of the cluster are distributed in an oblong prolate filament, approximately four times as long as it is wide, stretching along the line of sight from the Milky Way.^[8] The elliptical galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the spiral galaxies.^[9]

The cluster is an aggregate of at least three separate subclumps: Virgo A, centered on M87, a second centered on the galaxy M86, and Virgo B, centered on M49, with some authors including a Virgo C subcluster, centered on the galaxy M60 as well as a LVC (Low Velocity Cloud) subclump, centered on the large spiral galaxy NGC 4216.^[10] Notably, the giant elliptical galaxy M87 contains a supermassive black hole, whose event horizon was observed by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration in 2019.^[11][12]

Of all of the subclumps, Virgo A, formed by a mixture of elliptical, lenticular, and (usually) gas-poor spiral galaxies,^[13] is the dominant one, with a mass of approximately 10¹⁴ M_☉, which is approximately an order of magnitude larger than the other two subclumps.^[14]

Turbulence may prevent galaxy clusters from cooling (Chandra X-ray).

The three subgroups are in the process of merging to form a larger single cluster^[14] and are surrounded by other smaller galaxy clouds, mostly composed of spiral galaxies, known as N Cloud, S Cloud, and Virgo E that are in the process of infalling to merge with them,^[15] plus other farther isolated galaxies and galaxy groups (like the galaxy cloud Coma I) that are also attracted by the gravity of Virgo to merge with it in the future.^[16] This strongly suggests the Virgo cluster is a dynamically young cluster that is still forming.^[15]

Other two nearby aggregations known as M Cloud, W Cloud, and W' Cloud^[10] seem to be background systems independent of the main cluster.^[15]

The large mass of the cluster is indicated by the high peculiar velocities of many of its galaxies, sometimes as high as 1,600 km/s with respect to the cluster's center.

The Virgo cluster lies within the Virgo Supercluster, and its gravitational effect slows down the nearby galaxies. The large mass of the cluster has the effect of slowing down the recession of the Local Group from the cluster by approximately ten percent.

Molecular gasses in Virgo Cluster has been swept away by a huge cosmic broom that is preventing nearby galaxies from birthing new stars. The actual cause of it has been a long standing mystery in astrophysics. According to scientists, it occurs because of the extreme environment of the Virgo Cluster.^[17]

Intracluster medium

As with many other rich galaxy clusters, Virgo's intracluster medium is filled with a hot, rarefied plasma at temperatures of 30 million kelvins that emits X-Rays.^[18] Within the intracluster medium (ICM) are found a large number of intergalactic stars^[19][20] (up to 10% of the stars in the cluster),^[21] including some planetary nebulae.^[22] It is theorized that these were expelled from their home galaxies by interactions with other galaxies.^[21] The ICM also contains some globular clusters,^[23][24][25] possibly stripped off dwarf galaxies,^[25] and even at least one star formation region.^[26]

Galaxies

Map of the Virgo Supercluster centered on the Local Group (image diameter 200 Mly ≈ 60 Mpc). The Virgo Cluster is visible in the center right of the image, at about 50 Mly from the Local Group.

Photograph of the Virgo Cluster with labelled galaxies

Below is a table of bright or notable objects in the cluster and their subunit (subcluster). Note that in some cases a galaxy may be considered in a different subunit by other researchers (sources:^{[10][15][27][28]})

Column 1: The name of the galaxy.

Column 2: The right ascension for epoch 2000.

Column 3: The declination for epoch 2000.

Column 4: The blue apparent magnitude of the galaxy.

Column 5: The galaxy type: E=Elliptical, S0=Lenticular, Sa,Sb,Sc,Sd=Spiral, SBa,SBb,SBc,SBd=Barred spiral, Sm,SBm,Irr=Irregular.

Column 6: The angular diameter of the galaxy (arcminutes).

Column 7: The diameter of the galaxy (thousands of light years).

Column 8: The recessional velocity (km/s) of the galaxy relative to the cosmic microwave background.

Column 9: Subcluster where the galaxy is located.

Cluster members

Designation	Coordinates (Epoch 2000)		Apparent magnitude (blue)	Type	Angular size	Diameter (kly)	RV (km/s)	Subcluster
	RA	Dec
Messier 98	12 13.8	14 54	10.9	SBb	9.8′	150	184	Virgo A or N Cloud
NGC 4216	12 15.9	13 09	10.9	SBb	7.9′	120	459	Virgo A, N Cloud, or LVC.
Messier 99	12 18.8	14 25	10.4	Sc	5.4′	80	2735	Virgo A or N Cloud
NGC 4262	12 19.5	14 53	12.4	S0	1.9′	30	1683	Virgo A
NGC 4388	12 25.5	12 39	11.8	SAb	6.2′	85	2845	Virgo A
Messier 61	12 21.9	04 28	10.2	SBbc	6.2′	100	1911	S Cloud
Messier 100	12 22.9	15 49	10.1	SBbc	7.6′	115	1899	Virgo A
Messier 84	12 25.1	12 53	10.1	E1	6.0′	90	1239	Virgo A Markarian's Chain
Messier 85	12 25.4	18 11	10.0	S0	7.1′	105	1056	Virgo A
Messier 86	12 26.2	12 57	9.9	E3	10.2′	155	37	Virgo A or own subgroup. Markarian's Chain
NGC 4435	12 27.7	13 05	11.7	S0	3.0′	45	1111	Virgo A
NGC 4438	12 27.8	13 01	11.0	Sa	8.7′	130	404	Virgo A
NGC 4450	12 28.5	17 05	10.9	Sab	5.1′	80	2273	Virgo A
Messier 49	12 29.8	08 00	9.3	E2	9.8′	150	1204	Virgo B
Messier 87	12 30.8	12 23	9.6	E0–1	9.8′	980	1204	Virgo A
Messier 88	12 32.0	14 25	10.3	Sb	6.8′	100	2599	Virgo A
NGC 4526	12 32.0	07 42	10.6	S0	7.1′	105	931	Virgo B
NGC 4527	12 34.1	02 39	12.4	Sb	4.6′	69	1730	S Cloud
NGC 4536	12 34.4	02 11	11.1	SBbc	7.2′	115	2140	S Cloud
Messier 91	12 35.4	14 30	11.0	SBb	5.2′	80	803	Virgo A
NGC 4546	12 35.5	-03 48	11.3	S0	2.3'	30	1054	S Cloud
NGC 4550	12 35.5	12 13	12.5	S0	3.2′	50	704	Virgo A
Messier 89	12 35.7	12 33	10.7	E0	5.0′	75	628	Virgo A
NGC 4567	12 36.5	11 15	12.1	Sbc	2.8′	40	2588	Virgo A
NGC 4568	12 36.6	11 14	11.7	Sbc	4.4′	65	2578	Virgo A
Messier 90	12 36.8	13 10	10.2	SBab	10.5′	160	87	Virgo A
NGC 4571	12 36.9	14 13	11.9	Sc	3.7′	55	659	Virgo A
Messier 58	12 37.7	11 49	10.6	SBb	5.6′	85	1839	Virgo A
Messier 59	12 42.9	11 39	10.8	E5	5.0′	75	751	Virgo A or Virgo E
Messier 60	12 43.7	11 33	9.8	E2	7.2′	110	1452	Virgo A, Virgo E, or Virgo C
NGC 4651	12 43.7	16 24	11.4	Sc	4.0′	60	1113
NGC 4654	12 43.9	13 08	11.1	SBc	5.0′	75	1349	Virgo A

Fainter galaxies within the cluster are usually known by their numbers in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, particularly members of the numerous dwarf galaxy population.^[29]

See also

• Virgo III Groups
• Coma Cluster – another large, nearby cluster of galaxies
• Eridanus Cluster
• Fornax Cluster – a smaller nearby cluster of galaxies
• Norma Cluster
• List of galaxy clusters
• Virgocentric flow

Notes

1. Following the entry for M91 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784, Messier added the following note:

   The constellation of Virgo, & especially the northern Wing is one of the constellations which encloses the most Nebulae: this Catalog contains thirteen which have been determined: viz. Nos. 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91. All these nebulae appear to be without stars: one can see them only in a very good sky, & near their meridian passage. Most of these nebulae have been pointed to me by Mr. Méchain.^[5]

References

1. "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Virgo Cluster. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
2. Mei, Simona; Blakeslee, John P.; Côté, Patrick; Tonry, John L.; West, Michael J.; Ferrarese, Laura; Jordán, Andrés; Peng, Eric W.; Anthony, André; Merritt, Davi (2007). "The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 655 (1): 144–162. arXiv:astro-ph/0702510. Bibcode:2007ApJ...655..144M. doi:10.1086/509598. S2CID 16483538.
3. "Virgo Cluster". Cosmos. Swinburne University of Technology.
4. Fouqué, P.; Solanes, J. M.; Sanchis, T.; Balkowski, C. (2001). "Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 375 (3): 770–780. arXiv:astro-ph/0106261. Bibcode:2001A&A...375..770F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010833. S2CID 10468717.
5. "Messier 91 — Observations and Descriptions". SEDS.
6. "Virgo Cluster | Messier Objects". www.messier-objects.com. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
7. Côté, Patrick; Blakeslee, John P.; Ferrarese, Laura; Jordán, Andrés; Mei, Simona; Merritt, David; Milosavljević, Miloš; Peng, Eric W.; Tonry, John L.; et al. (July 2004). "The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 153 (1): 223–242. arXiv:astro-ph/0404138. Bibcode:2004ApJS..153..223C. doi:10.1086/421490. S2CID 18021414.
8. M. Fukugita; S. Okamura; N. Yasuda (1993). "Spatial distribution of spiral galaxies in the Virgo Cluster from the Tully-Fisher relation". Astrophysical Journal. 412: L13–L16. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..13F. doi:10.1086/186928.
9. "Virgo Cluster". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
10. Boselli, A.; Voyer, E.; Boissier, S.; Cucciati, O.; Consolandi, G.; Cortese, L.; Fumagalli, M.; Gavazzi, G.; Heinis, S.; Roehlly, Y.; Toloba, E. (2014). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A69. arXiv:1407.4986. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..69B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424419. S2CID 119244700. A69.
11. Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Balokovic, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan (2019-04-01). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 875 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7.
12. "Publications | Event Horizon Telescope". eventhorizontelescope.org. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
13. Chamaraux, P.; Balkowski, C.; Gerard, E. (1980). "The H I deficiency of the Virgo cluster spirals". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 83 (1–2): 38–51. Bibcode:1980A&A....83...38C.
14. The Virgo Super Cluster: home of M87 (with frames)
15. Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. S2CID 41700753.
16. Tully, R. B.; Shaya, E. J. (1984). "Infall of galaxies into the Virgo cluster and some cosmological constraints". Astrophysical Journal. 281: 31–55. Bibcode:1984ApJ...281...31T. doi:10.1086/162073.
17. Brown, Toby; Wilson, Christine D.; Zabel, Nikki; Davis, Timothy A.; Boselli, Alessandro; Chung, Aeree; Ellison, Sara L.; Lagos, Claudia D. P.; Stevens, Adam R. H.; Cortese, Luca; Bahé, Yannick M. (2021-12-01). "VERTICO: The Virgo Environment Traced In CO Survey". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 257 (2): 21. arXiv:2111.00937. Bibcode:2021ApJS..257...21B. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac28f5. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 240354399.
18. Lea, S. M.; Mushotzky, R.; Holt, S. S. (1982). "Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster". Astrophysical Journal. 262 (1): 24–32. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262...24L. doi:10.1086/160392. hdl:2060/19820026438. S2CID 120960432.
19. Ferguson, H. (1997). "Intergalactic Stars in the Virgo Cluster". HST Proposal: 7411. Bibcode:1997hst..prop.7411F.
20. Ferguson, Henry C.; Tanvir, Nial R.; von Hippel, Ted (January 1998). "Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster". Nature. 391 (6666): 461–463. arXiv:astro-ph/9801228. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..461F. doi:10.1038/35087. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4390832.
21. Ferguson, Henry C.; Tanvir, Nial R.; von Hippel, Ted (1998). "Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster". Nature. 391 (6666): 461–463. arXiv:astro-ph/9801228. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..461F. doi:10.1038/35087. S2CID 4390832.
22. Feldmeier, J.; Ciardullo, R.; Jacoby, G. (1998). "Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. I. Initial Results". Astrophysical Journal. 503 (1): 109–117. arXiv:astro-ph/9803062. Bibcode:1998ApJ...503..109F. doi:10.1086/305981. S2CID 9761241.
23. Takamiya, Marianne; West, Michael; Côté, Patrick; Jordán, Andrés; Peng, Eric; Ferrarese, Laura (2009). "IGCs in the Virgo Cluster". Globular Clusters - Guides to Galaxies. Eso Astrophysics Symposia. pp. 361–365. Bibcode:2009gcgg.book..361T. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76961-3_83. ISBN 978-3-540-76960-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
24. Durrell, Patrick R.; Accetta, K.; Feldmeier, J. J.; Mihos, J. C.; Ciardullo, R.; Peng, E. W.; Members of the NGVS team (2010). "Searching for Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 42: 567. Bibcode:2010AAS...21547814D.
25. Lee, Myung Gyoon; Park, Hong Soo; Hwang, Ho Seong (2010). "Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster". Science. 328 (5976): 334–. arXiv:1003.2499. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..334L. doi:10.1126/science.1186496. PMID 20223950. S2CID 20743125.
26. Gerhard, Ortwin; Arnaboldi, Magda; Freeman, Kenneth C.; Okamura, Sadanori (2002). "Isolated Star Formation: A Compact H II Region in the Virgo Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 580 (2): L121–L124. arXiv:astro-ph/0211341. Bibcode:2002ApJ...580L.121G. doi:10.1086/345657. S2CID 8686119.
27. "Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network". GOLDMine. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
28. "The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved 2013-04-06.
29. Binggeli, Bruno; Sandage, Allan; Tammann, Gustav (1985). "Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II – A Catalog of 2096 Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Area". Astronomical Journal. 90. American Astronomical Society: 1681–1759. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874.

External links

• The Virgo Cluster at An Atlas of the Universe, map (and table) of the 160 largest galaxies
• California Institute of Technology site on Virgo cluster.
• The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages
• Partial Virgo cluster centered on M87 (Dark Atmospheres)
• Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985). "Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area". The Astronomical Journal. 90: 1681. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874.