Vini (bird)

Vini is a genus of birds in the family Psittaculidae that are endemic to the islands of the tropical Pacific. There are eleven extant species of these small lorikeets ranging from the Bismark Archipelago through Fiji, Samoa, French Polynesia, and as far east as Henderson Island. All members of the genus have exceptional bright plumage, particularly the unusual all over blues of the blue lorikeet and the ultramarine lorikeet.

Vini
Blue-crowned lorikeet (Vini australis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittaculidae
Tribe:	Loriini
Genus:	Vini Lesson, RP, 1833
Type species
Vini coccinea Lesson, 1833

The Vini lorikeets are highly threatened by human changes to their islands. Most species have been lost from a number of islands and two species became extinct before the arrival of European explorers in the Pacific. As of 2017^[update], two species are listed as endangered species by the IUCN and two are considered vulnerable.^[1] They are primarily threatened by introduced species, such as rats, and habitat loss.

Taxonomy

The genus Vini was introduced in 1833 by the French naturalist René Lesson for Kuhl's lorikeet.^[2][3] The genus name is the Tahitian word for a local bird.^[2][4][5]

This genus formerly included only the blue-crowned, ultramarine, Stephen's, Kuhl's, and blue lorikeets (as well as the extinct Sinoto's and conquered lorikeets); the collared lory was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Phigys, and the remaining five species were placed in Charmosyna. A molecular phylogenetic study of the lorikeets published in 2020 led to a revision of the generic boundaries.^[6][7][8]

Species

The genus contains 11 species:^[8]

Image	Common name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Red-throated lorikeet	Vini amabilis	Fiji
	Blue-crowned lorikeet	Vini australis	Futuna, Lau Islands, Niue, Samoan Islands and Tonga
	New Caledonian lorikeet	Vini diadema	New Caledonia
	Kuhl's lorikeet	Vini kuhlii	Austral Islands (Rimatara), Cook Islands (Atiu) and Kiribati (Line Islands)
	Meek's lorikeet	Vini meeki	Solomon Archipelago
	Palm lorikeet	Vini palmarum	Santa Cruz Islands and Vanuatu
	Blue lorikeet	Vini peruviana	French Polynesia and the Cook Islands
	Red-chinned lorikeet	Vini rubrigularis	Bismarck Archipelago
	Stephen's lorikeet	Vini stepheni	Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands
	Collared lory	Vini solitaria	Fiji
	Ultramarine lorikeet	Vini ultramarina	Marquesas Islands

Fossils

• †Sinoto's lorikeet, Vini sinotoi (extinct)^[9]
• †Conquered lorikeet, Vini vidivici (extinct)^[9]

References

1. "The IUCN Red Data List of Threatened Species: Vini". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
2. Lesson, René P. (1833). Illustrations de zoologie, ou, Recueil de figures d'animaux peintes d'après nature (in French). Paris: Arthus Bertrand. Plate 28 and text, livraison 10. For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
3. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 156.
4. [Davies, John] (1851). "Vini". A Tahitian and English Dictionary. Tahiti: London Missionary Society's Press. p. 314. the name of a small paroquet
5. Wahlroos, Sven (2002). "Vini". English-Tahitian Tahitian-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Māʻohi Heritage Press. p. 684. (1) Tahiti parakeet; (2) small birds of various species imported to Tahiti
6. Smith, B.T.; Mauck, W.M.I.; Benz, B.W.; Andersen, M.J. (2020). "Uneven missing data skew phylogenomic relationships within the lories and lorikeets". Genome Biology and Evolution. 12 (7): 1131–1147. doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa113. PMC 7486955. PMID 32470111.
7. Joseph, L.; Merwin, J.; Smith, B.T. (2020). "Improved systematics of lorikeets reflects their evolutionary history and frames conservation priorities". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 120 (3): 201–215. Bibcode:2020EmuAO.120..201J. doi:10.1080/01584197.2020.1779596. S2CID 222094508.
8. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
9. Steadman, David W. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Press. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7.