Vinckeia

Vinckeia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium — all of which are parasitic alveolates. The subgenus Vinckeia was created by Cyril Garnham in 1964 to accommodate the mammalian parasites other than those infecting the primates.^[1][2]

Vinckeia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Order:	Haemospororida
Family:	Plasmodiidae
Genus:	Plasmodium
Subgenus:	Vinckeia

Diagnostic features

Species in this subgenus infect mammals other than the higher primates. Species infecting lemurs have since been included in this subgenus. This classification may not be correct.^[3]

Schizonts: These do not fill the erythrocyte and do not show true stippling. They give rise normally to 8 or fewer merozoites. Schizogony normally takes three days or less.

Merozoites:

Gametocytes: These are spherical.

Species in this subgenus

The following is a list of species in subgenus Vinckeia and their hosts.

• Plasmodium achromaticum — insectivorous bat species
• Plasmodium aegyptensis — African grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)^[4]
• Plasmodium anomaluri — African flying squirrel (Anomalurus species)
• Plasmodium atheruri — African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), Large vesper mouse (Calomys callosus) and Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), Anopheles stephensi
• Plasmodium berghei — the African woodland thicket rat (Grammomys surdaster), Anopheles stephensi
• Plasmodium booliati — the Malayan giant flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista^{[5][6]: 51,69}
• Plasmodium bouillize
• Plasmodium brodeni — four-toed elephant shrews (Petrodromus tetradactylus)
• Plasmodium bubalis — water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
• Plasmodium bucki
• Plasmodium caprae — domestic goat (Capra hircus)
• Plasmodium cephalophi — the antelope (Cephalophus grimmi) and the common duiker/grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)^[7]
• Plasmodium cercopitheci
• Plasmodium chabaudi — Anopheles stephensi
• Plasmodium coulangesi
• Plasmodium cyclopsi — the Cyclops roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cyclops)^[8]
• Plasmodium foleyi
• Plasmodium girardi
• Plasmodium incertae — flying squirrel
• Plasmodium inopinatum
• Plasmodium joyeuxi
• Plasmodium landauae — African flying squirrels (Anomalurus species)
• Plasmodium lemuris
• Plasmodium melanipherum — the common bent-wing bat/Schreibers' bat (Miniopterus schreibersii)
• Plasmodium narayani
• Plasmodium odocoilei — white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
• Plasmodium percygarnhami
• Plasmodium pulmophilium — African flying squirrel (Anomalurus species)
• Plasmodium sandoshami — the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus)
• Plasmodium semnopitheci
• Plasmodium traguli — mouse deer
• Plasmodium tyrio — the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla)
• Plasmodium uilenbergi
• Plasmodium vinckei – rodents
• Plasmodium voltaicum — the Angolan rousette (a fruit bat, Myonycteris angolensis/Rousettus smithi)
• Plasmodium watteni — Formosan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista grandis)^[9][6]: 69
• Plasmodium yoelii — Anopheles stephensi

Evolutionary history

Sharp et al 2020^[10] reanalyze the available amino acid substitution data and conclude that chabaudi, yoelii, and berghei cluster relatively close together. Further they find chabaudi split off first and the berghei/yoelii division is more recent.^[10]

By host

Further information: Malaria § Other animals

Murine malaria

Murine malaria – malaria in mice – is caused by P. berghei, P. chabaudi, P. vinckei and P. yoelii. Some strains produce cerebral malaria and some do not.^[11]

References

1. Garnham, P.C.C. (1964). "The subgenera of Plasmodium in mammals" (PDF). Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol. 44 (2): 267–71. PMID 14237568.
2. Garnham, P.C.C. (1966). Malaria parasites and other Haemosporidia. Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 9780632017706. OCLC 602883318.
3. Pacheco MA, Battistuzzi FU, Junge RE, Cornejo OE, Williams CV, Landau I, Rabetafika L, Snounou G, Jones-Engel L, Escalante AA (2011). "Timing the origin of human malarias: the lemur puzzle". BMC Evol. Biol. 11: 299. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-299. PMC 3228831. PMID 21992100.
4. Abd-el-Aziz GA, Landau I, Miltgen F (1975). "Description de Plasmodium aegyptensis n. sp. parasite présumé du Muridé Arvicanthis niloticus en Haute-Égypte" [Description of Plasmodium aegyptensis n. sp., presumed parasite of the murid Arvicanthis noloticus in Upper Egypt]. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée (in French). 50 (4): 419–24. doi:10.1051/parasite/1975504419. PMID 1211772.
5. Sandosham AA, Yap LF, Omar I (1965). "A malaria parasite, Plasmodium (Vinckeia) booliati sp.nov., from a Malayan giant flying squirrel". Med J Malaya. 20 (1): 3–7. PMID 4221411.
6. Kreier, Julius P.; Baker, John Robin, eds. (1993). Parasitic Protozoa. Vol. 5 (2 ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. xvii+343. ISBN 978-0-12-426015-3. OCLC 23868964.
7. Keymer IF (1966). "Studies on Plasmodium (Vinckeia) cephalophi of the grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 60 (2): 129–38. doi:10.1080/00034983.1966.11686396. PMID 5962467.
8. Landau I, Chabaud AG (1978). "Description of P. cyclopsi n. sp. a parasite of the microchiropteran bat Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon" (PDF). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp (in French). 53 (3): 247–53. doi:10.1051/parasite/1978533247. PMID 697287.
9. Lien JC, Cross JH (1968). "Plasmodium (Vinckeia) watteni sp. n. from the Formosan giant flying squirrel, Petaurista petaurista grandis". J. Parasitol. 54 (6): 1171–4. doi:10.2307/3276986. JSTOR 3276986. PMID 5757690.
10. Sharp, Paul M.; Plenderleith, Lindsey J.; Hahn, Beatrice H. (2020-09-08). "Ape". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1). Annual Reviews: 39–63. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115628. ISSN 0066-4227. PMC 7643433. PMID 32905751.
11. Moxon, Christopher A.; Gibbins, Matthew P.; McGuinness, Dagmara; Milner, Danny A.; Marti, Matthias (2020-01-24). "New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis". Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 15 (1). Annual Reviews: 315–343. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640. ISSN 1553-4006. PMID 31648610. S2CID 204882296.