Viloxazine
Medication used to treat ADHD / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Viloxazine, sold under the brand name Qelbree and formerly as Vivalan[5] among others, is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medication which is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults.[1][6] It was marketed for almost 30 years as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression before being discontinued and subsequently repurposed as a treatment for ADHD.[7][6][1] Viloxazine is taken orally.[1] It was used as an antidepressant in an immediate-release form and is used in ADHD in an extended-release form.[7][1]
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Trade names | Qelbree, Vivalan, Emovit, others |
Other names | ICI-58834; SPN-812; SPN-809 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth |
Drug class | Antidepressant; Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
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Protein binding | 76–82%[1] |
Metabolism | Hydroxylation (CYP2D6), glucuronidation (UGT1A9, UGT2B15)[1] |
Metabolites | 5-Hydroxyviloxazine glucuronide[1] |
Elimination half-life | IR: 2–5 hours[2] ER: 7.02 ± 4.74 hours[1] |
Excretion | Urine (~90%), feces (<1%)[1][3] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.051.148 |
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Formula | C13H19NO3 |
Molar mass | 237.299 g·mol−1 |
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Chirality | Racemic mixture |
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Side effects of viloxazine include insomnia, headache, somnolence, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, dry mouth, constipation, irritability, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure.[1] Rarely, the medication may cause suicidal thoughts and behaviors.[1] It can also activate mania or hypomania in people with bipolar disorder.[1] Viloxazine acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI).[7][1][6] The immediate-release form has an elimination half-life of 2.5 hours[7][2] while the half-life of the extended-release form is 7 hours.[1]
Viloxazine was first described by 1972[8] and was marketed as an antidepressant in Europe in 1974.[7][9] It was not marketed in the United States at this time.[10] The medication was discontinued in 2002 for commercial reasons.[7][11][12] However, it was repurposed for the treatment of ADHD and was reintroduced, in the United States, in April 2021.[7][13][14] Viloxazine is a non-stimulant medication; it has no known misuse liability and is not a controlled substance.[1]