User:Mr. Ibrahem/Polio vaccine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).[2] Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV).[2] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio.[2] The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world,[3][4] and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.[5][6]
Vaccine description | |
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Target | Poliomyelitis |
Vaccine type | OPV: Attenuated; IPV: Killed |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Ipol, Poliovax, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a601177 |
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Routes of administration | Parenteral (IPV), by mouth (OPV) |
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NY (what is this?) (verify) |
The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe.[2] Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection.[2] Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.[2] This compares with 5,000 cases per million who are paralysed following a polio infection.[7] Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well.[2]
The first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine was by Hilary Koprowski in 1950, with a live attenuated virus which people drank.[8] The vaccine was not approved for use in the United States, but was used successfully elsewhere.[8] An inactivated polio vaccine, developed a few years later by Jonas Salk, came into use in 1955.[2][9] A different, oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961.[2][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] The wholesale cost per dose for the oral vaccine in the developing world is about US$0.25 as of 2014.[12] In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25 and $50.[13]