User:Mr. Ibrahem/Oxycodone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oxycodone, sold under the brand name OxyContin among others, is an opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain.[5] It is usually taken by mouth, and is available in immediate-release and controlled-release formulations.[5] Onset of pain relief typically begins within 15 minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation.[5] In the United Kingdom, it is available by injection.[13] Combination products are also available with paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen, naloxone, and aspirin.[5]
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Pronunciation | ɒksɪˈkəʊdəʊn |
Trade names | OxyContin, others |
Other names | Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6-oxomorphine[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682132 |
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Dependence liability | High[3] |
Routes of administration | By mouth, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, rectal, epidural[4] |
Drug class | Opioid[5] |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | By mouth: 60–87%[6][7] |
Protein binding | 45%[6] |
Metabolism | Liver: mainly CYP3A, and, to a much lesser extent, CYP2D6 (~5%);[6] 95% metabolized (i.e., 5% excreted unchanged)[8] |
Metabolites | • Noroxycodone (25%) [9][8] • Noroxymorphone (15%, free and conjugated)[9][8] • Oxymorphone (11%, conjugated)[9][8] • Others (e.g., minor metabolites)[8] |
Onset of action | IRTooltip Instant release: 10–30 minutes[7][8] CRTooltip controlled release: 1 hour[10] |
Elimination half-life | By mouth (IR): 2–3 hrs (same t1/2Tooltip biological half-life for all ROAsTooltip routes of administration)[8][7] By mouth (CR): 4.5 hrs[11] |
Duration of action | By mouth (IR): 3–6 hrs[8] By mouth (CR): 10–12 hrs[12] |
Excretion | Urine (83%)[6] |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C18H21NO4 |
Molar mass | 315.369 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 219 °C (426 °F) |
Solubility in water | HCl: 166 |
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Common side effects include constipation, nausea, sleepiness, dizziness, itching, dry mouth, and sweating.[5] Severe side effects may include addiction, respiratory depression (a reduction in breathing), and low blood pressure.[5] Those allergic to codeine may also be allergic to oxycodone.[5] Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe.[5] Opioid withdrawal may occur if rapidly stopped.[5] Oxycodone acts by activating the μ-opioid receptor.[14] When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the effect of the equivalent amount of morphine.[15]
Oxycodone was first made in Germany in 1916 from thebaine.[16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as an alternative to morphine.[17] It is available as a generic medication.[5] In the United States, the wholesale cost per dose is less than US$0.30 as of 2018.[18] In 2017, it was the 52nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15 million prescriptions.[19][20] Oxycodone has been a common drug of abuse.[21] A number of abuse-deterrent formulations are available, such as in combination with naloxone.[21][22]