User:Mr. Ibrahem/Osteosarcoma
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of bone cancer of the osteogenic type.[1][3] The most common initial symptom is bone pain, which often gets worse with exercise.[1] In children more than half of cases occur in the long bones around the knee.[2] Spread of the cancer often occurs.[2] Other complications may include a pathologic fracture.[1]
Osteosarcoma | |
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Other names | Osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) |
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Intermediate-magnification micrograph of an osteosarcoma (center and right of image) adjacent to non-malignant bone (left-bottom of image): The top-right of the image has poorly differentiated tumor. Osteoid with a high density of malignant cells is seen between the non-malignant bone and poorly differentiated tumor (H&E stain). | |
Specialty | Oncology |
Symptoms | Bone pain[1] |
Complications | Spread of the cancer, pathologic fracture[1][2] |
Usual onset | 10 to 14 years old, > 65 years old[1] |
Types | Primary, secondary[1] |
Risk factors | Paget disease of bone, electrical burns, trauma, exposure to beryllium, alkylating agents, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, prosthetics, bone infections[1] |
Diagnostic method | Biopsy[2] |
Differential diagnosis | Ewing sarcoma, metastasis to bone, giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelitis[1] |
Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy[1] |
Prognosis | 5-year survival rate 76% for under 15 year old[2] |
Frequency | 4.4 cases per million per year (in those under 25)[2] |
The cause is often unclear.[1] Some cases occur secondary to Paget disease of bone, electrical burns, trauma, exposure to beryllium, alkylating agents, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, prosthetics, or bone infections.[1] A number of genetic syndrome increase the risk including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Bloom syndrome, or Werner syndrome.[1] It starts from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells.[1] Diagnosis is by biopsy.[2]
Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.[1] Ongoing follow up is required to look for re-occurrence.[1] The 5-year survival rate in those under 15 is about 76%.[2] Outcomes are worse in adults.[1]
About 4.4 cases per million per year occur in those under the age of 25.[2] It is most common in those 10 to 14 years old and those over the age of 65.[1] It represents about 5% of cancer in children and about 20% of tumors that start within bone.[1][2] The term "osteosarcoma" was introduced in 1805 by Alexis Boyer.[4]