User:Mr. Ibrahem/Codeine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Codeine is an opiate used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.[3][5] It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.[3] Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.[3] Evidence does not support its use for acute cough suppression in children or adults.[6][7] In Europe, it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those under 12 years of age.[3] It is generally taken by mouth.[3] It typically starts working after half an hour, with maximum effect at two hours.[3] Its effects last for about four to six hours.[3]
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Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /ˈkoʊdiːn/ |
Other names | 3-Methylmorphine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682065 |
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Addiction liability | High[2] |
Routes of administration | By mouth, rectal, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection |
Drug class | Opiate[3] |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | By mouth: ~90% |
Metabolism | Liver: CYP2D6 (to morphine), CYP3A4 (to norcodeine), UGT2B7 (to 3- and 6-glucuronides of codeine, norcodeine, and morphine)[4] |
Metabolites | • Morphine • Norcodeine • Others (e.g., conjugates) |
Onset of action | 15–30 minutes[3] |
Elimination half-life | 2.5–3 hours |
Duration of action | 4–6 hours[3] |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C18H21NO3 |
Molar mass | 299.370 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Common side effects include vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness.[3] Serious side effects may include breathing difficulties and addiction.[3] Whether its use in pregnancy is safe is unclear.[3] Care should be used during breastfeeding, as it may result in opiate toxicity in the baby.[3] Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children.[8] Codeine works following being broken down by the liver into morphine; how quickly this occurs depends on a person's genetics.[3]
Codeine was discovered in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet.[9] In 2013, about 361,000 kg of codeine were produced while 249,000 kg were used, which made it the most commonly taken opiate.[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] The wholesale cost in the developing world is between US$0.04 and US$0.29 per dose as of 2014.[12] In the United States it costs about one dollar a dose.[3] Codeine occurs naturally and makes up about 2% of opium.[9]