User:Mr. Ibrahem/Clonidine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clonidine, sold as the brand name Catapres among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or smoking), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions.[1] It is used by mouth, by injection, or as a skin patch.[1] Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours.[1]
Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /ˈklɒnədiːn/ |
Trade names | Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682243 |
License data | |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, epidural, IV, transdermal, topical |
Drug class | α2 receptor agonist[1] |
Legal status | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 70–80% (oral),[2] 60–70% (transdermal)[3] |
Protein binding | 20–40%[4] |
Metabolism | Liver to inactive metabolites,[4] 2/3 CYP2D6 |
Onset of action | IR:30-60 minutes after an dose by mouth[5] |
Elimination half-life | IR: 12–16 hours; 41 hours in kidney failure,[6][7] 48 hours for repeated dosing[3] |
Excretion | Urine (72%)[4] |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C9H9Cl2N3 |
Molar mass | 230.09 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Common side effect include dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, and sleepiness.[1] Severe side effects may include seeing or hearing things that other people do not, heart arrhythmias, and confusion.[8] If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur.[1] Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended.[8] Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating α2 receptors in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries.[1]
Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966.[9][10][11] It is available as a generic medication.[1] As of 2019 a month of medication costs the NHS about £8.[8] In the United States this amount costs about US$2.70 as of 2019.[12] In 2017, it was the 79th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than ten million prescriptions.[13][14]