User:Lds/Sandbox/Zhuge Liang
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Zhuge Liang (pronunciationⓘ) (181 – September or October 234),[lower-alpha 1] also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, scholar, engineer and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220) and the early to mid-Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.[1]
Zhuge Liang | |
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諸葛亮 | |
Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han | |
In office 229 (229) – September or October 234 (September or October 234) | |
In office May 221 (May 221) – 228 (228) | |
Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
General of the Right (右將軍) | |
In office 228 (228)–229 (229) | |
Monarch | Liu Shan |
Governor of Yi Province (益州牧) | |
In office 223 (223) – September or October 234 (September or October 234) | |
Monarch | Liu Shan |
Succeeded by | Jiang Wan (as Inspector) |
Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉) | |
In office 221 (221) – September or October 234 (September or October 234) | |
Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
Preceded by | Zhang Fei |
Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) | |
In office 221 (221) – September or October 234 (September or October 234) | |
Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
Succeeded by | Jiang Wan |
Personal details | |
Born | 181 Yinan County, Shandong |
Died | September or October 234 (aged 53)[lower-alpha 1][1] Wuzhang Plains, Shaanxi |
Resting place | Mount Dingjun, Shaanxi |
Spouse | Lady Huang |
Relations | see Zhuge clan of Langya |
Children |
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Parent |
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Occupation | Statesman, military leader, scholar, inventor |
Courtesy name | Kongming (孔明) |
Posthumous name | Marquis Zhongwu (忠武侯) |
Peerage | Marquis of Wu District (武鄉侯) |
Nickname(s) | "Crouching Dragon" (臥龍 / 伏龍) |
Lds/Sandbox/Zhuge Liang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 諸葛亮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 诸葛亮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Kongming (courtesy name) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 孔明 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War.[2] Often depicted wearing a Daoist robe and holding a hand fan made of crane feathers,[3] His reputation as an intelligent and learned scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both literally mean "Crouching Dragon").
Though Confucian oriented,[4] Zhuge Liang was also a self-avowed Legalist.[5] He compared himself with Guan Zhong,[5] developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.[6] He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei,[4] refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.[7]
Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name. His name – even his surname alone – has become synonymous with intelligence and strategy in Chinese culture.[citation needed] In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of Zhuge Liang and another nine famous historical military generals/strategists – Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Tian Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi and Yue Yi – placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue.[8]