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The Southern Song (June 12, 1127—March 19, 1279) was the second era of the Song dynasty. It is named the "Two Songs" along with the Northern Song Dynasty, forming the Song dynasty. After the Northern Song ended with the invasion and occupation of Kaifeng by the Jurchen people, on June 12, 1127, the 9th son of Emperor Huizong of Song, Zhao Kingan, fled to Nanjing's Yingtian (now Shangqiu, Henan) to reign as Emperor Gaozong of Song. As in Wuxing, Song Dynasty was "fire", so the year was named Jianyan(建炎), literally meaning "building fire".[1]
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It is referred as the Southern Song, differentiating it from the Northern Song as its capital was located at Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang). After the peace negotiations in Shaoxing, its borders were mostly along the Huai River in the east of the Jin dynasty and the Dasan Pass in the west. The Southern Song Dynasty coexisted with the Jin Dynasty, Xiliao(Qara Khitai), Dali, Xixia(Western Xia), Tubo(Tibet), and the emerging Mongol Empire. It ended with an invasion by the Yuan dynasty in 1279 with Zhao Bing as its last emperor. It was ruled by 10 emperors, lasting for 152 years.
Failing to recapture the Central Plains, the rule of Southern Song Dynasty was limited to south of Huaihe River on the Qinling Mountains. Although it was constantly in stalemate with the Jin, its economy, shipping trade, weapon manufacturing and technological development was stimulated.