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The Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) was a war fought by Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus. Pyrrhus was asked by the people of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy to help them in their war with the Roman Republic.
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First Punic War | |||||||||
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![]() The route of Pyrrhus of Epirus during his campaigns in southern Italy and Sicily. | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Italy Roman Republic Marsi Marrucini Paeligni Frentani Dauni Umbrians Sicily Carthage |
Italy Greeks Epirots Aetolians Acarnanians Athamanians Thessalians Greeks in Italy Terentum Italic peoples Samnites Lucanians Bruttii Sicily Messapians Same Greek forces Greek cities in Sicily | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Rome Publius Valerius Laevinus Publius Decius Mus Publius Sulpicius Saverrio Manius Curius Dentatus Carthage Unknown | Pyrrhus of Epirus | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Battle of Heraclea 7,000–15,000 killed and 1,800 captured Battle of Asculum 6,000 killed Battle of Beneventum 9,000 killed |
Battle of Heraclea 4,000–13,000 killed Battle of Asculum 3,505 killed Battle of Beneventum 11,000 killed, 2 elephants killed, 8 elephants captured Battle of the Strait of Messina: 70 warships |
A skilled commander, with a strong army fortified by war elephants (which the Romans were not experienced in facing), Pyrrhus enjoyed initial success against the Roman legions, but suffered heavy losses even in these victories. Plutarch wrote that Pyrrhus said after the second battle of the war, "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." He could not call up more men from home and his allies in Italy were becoming indifferent. The Romans, by contrast, had a very large pool of military manpower and could replenish their legions even if their forces were depleted in many battles.[1] This has led to the expression Pyrrhic victory, a term for a victory that inflicts losses the victor cannot afford in the long term.
Worn down by the battles against Rome, Pyrrhus moved his army to Sicily to war against the Carthaginians instead. After several years of campaigning there (278-275 BC), he returned to Italy in 275 BC, where the last battle of the war was fought, ending in Roman victory. Following this, Pyrrhus returned to Epirus, ending the war. Three years later, in 272 BC, the Romans captured Tarentum.
The Pyrrhic War was the first time that Rome confronted the professional mercenary armies of the Hellenistic states of the eastern Mediterranean. Rome's victory drew the attention of these states to the emerging power of Rome. Ptolemy II, the king of Egypt, established diplomatic relations with Rome.[2] After the war, Rome asserted its hegemony over southern Italy.